{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413155328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3597975","title":"What\u2019s Going On in Dark Web Question and Answer Forums: Topic Diversity and Linguistic Characteristics","display_name":"What\u2019s Going On in Dark Web Question and Answer Forums: Topic Diversity and Linguistic Characteristics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413155328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3597975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3597975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3597975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3597975","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074070812","display_name":"Luis de\u2010Marcos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0718-8774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis De-Marcos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Alcal&#x00E1;, Alcal&#x00E1; de Henares, Madrid, Spain","Alcal&#x00E1; de Henares, Universidad de Alcal&#x00E1;, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0718-8774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Alcal&#x00E1;, Alcal&#x00E1; de Henares, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alcal&#x00E1; de Henares, Universidad de Alcal&#x00E1;, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032586796","display_name":"Adri\u00e1n Dom\u00ednguez\u2010D\u00edaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-8609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adri\u00e1n Dom\u00ednguez-D\u00edaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Alcal&#x00E1;, Alcal&#x00E1; de Henares, Madrid, Spain","Alcal&#x00E1; de Henares, Universidad de Alcal&#x00E1;, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-8609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Alcal&#x00E1;, Alcal&#x00E1; de Henares, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alcal&#x00E1; de Henares, Universidad de Alcal&#x00E1;, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058866812","display_name":"Zlatko Stapi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-8271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zlatko Stapic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, Varazdin, Croatia","University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Varazdin, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-8271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, Varazdin, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Varazdin, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":12.2583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98267207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"149880","last_page":"149890"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-diversity","display_name":"Linguistic diversity","score":0.735876202583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6598438620567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.5884305238723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4669573903083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.42020338773727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3609755337238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3423284590244293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33704283833503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3227250277996063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1912030279636383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropology","display_name":"Anthropology","score":0.07291963696479797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.0691937804222107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992249680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315","display_name":"Linguistic diversity","level":2,"score":0.735876202583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6598438620567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5884305238723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4669573903083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.42020338773727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3609755337238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3423284590244293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33704283833503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3227250277996063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1912030279636383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.07291963696479797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0691937804222107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3597975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3597975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:73695ccc01674366880941f3df41ca72","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/73695ccc01674366880941f3df41ca72","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 149880-149890 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3597975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3597975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2602138795","https://openalex.org/W2796743265","https://openalex.org/W3008937526","https://openalex.org/W3111233072","https://openalex.org/W4386051541","https://openalex.org/W4387618513","https://openalex.org/W4392370696","https://openalex.org/W4400200247","https://openalex.org/W4401017171","https://openalex.org/W4401748234","https://openalex.org/W4404312812","https://openalex.org/W4405490894","https://openalex.org/W4405595424","https://openalex.org/W4405907401","https://openalex.org/W4407938633","https://openalex.org/W4408004963","https://openalex.org/W4409427893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4236583520","https://openalex.org/W2322261865","https://openalex.org/W4398861705","https://openalex.org/W2734736160","https://openalex.org/W2409468626","https://openalex.org/W4206863193","https://openalex.org/W4205351689","https://openalex.org/W4283518176","https://openalex.org/W2936964361","https://openalex.org/W3124375875"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,150],"Dark":[1,32,161],"Web":[2,33,162],"hosts":[3],"a":[4,49,98,114],"variety":[5],"of":[6,29,51,73,147,155,173],"Q&A":[7,34,122],"forums":[8],"that":[9],"facilitate":[10],"discussions":[11],"on":[12,100],"topics":[13],"ranging":[14],"from":[15],"technical":[16,101],"guidance":[17],"to":[18,65],"illicit":[19],"activities.":[20],"This":[21],"study":[22],"investigates":[23],"the":[24,93,140,153,168],"linguistic":[25,90,171],"and":[26,40,45,54,62,67,78,89,102,108,111,124,132,144,164,170],"structural":[27],"characteristics":[28,158],"three":[30],"prominent":[31],"forum":[35],"onion":[36],"services\u2014Onion1":[37],"(Deepweb":[38],"Questions":[39],"Answers),":[41,44],"Onion2":[42,105],"(Deep":[43],"Onion3":[46,112],"(Repostas":[47],"Ocultas)\u2014using":[48],"combination":[50],"topic":[52,87],"modeling":[53],"quantitative":[55],"text":[56],"analysis.":[57],"We":[58],"employ":[59],"Sklearn":[60],"(TF-IDF)":[61],"Gensim":[63],"(LDA)":[64],"extract":[66],"compare":[68],"dominant":[69],"topics,":[70,110],"alongside":[71],"metrics":[72],"lexical":[74],"diversity,":[75],"semantic":[76],"diversity":[77,88,172],"syntactic":[79],"complexity.":[80],"Our":[81],"findings":[82],"reveal":[83],"significant":[84],"differences":[85],"in":[86],"patterns":[91],"across":[92],"forums,":[94],"with":[95],"Onion1":[96],"exhibiting":[97],"focus":[99],"financial":[103],"discussions,":[104],"emphasizing":[106],"community-driven":[107],"security-related":[109],"showing":[113],"narrower":[115],"thematic":[116,169],"scope":[117],"influenced":[118],"by":[119],"its":[120],"structured":[121],"format":[123],"language-specific":[125],"content.":[126],"Statistical":[127],"analyses,":[128],"including":[129],"Kruskal-Wallis":[130],"tests":[131],"Dunn\u2019s":[133],"post-hoc":[134],"comparisons,":[135],"confirm":[136],"these":[137,174],"differences,":[138],"highlighting":[139],"distinct":[141],"communicative":[142],"norms":[143],"user":[145],"behaviors":[146],"each":[148],"forum.":[149],"results":[151],"underscore":[152],"importance":[154],"considering":[156],"forum-specific":[157],"when":[159],"analyzing":[160],"communities":[163],"provide":[165],"insights":[166],"into":[167],"platforms.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-08-17T00:00:00"}
