{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413126685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3596882","title":"Deepfakes in Visual Art: Differentiating AI-Generated Art From Human Art Using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)","display_name":"Deepfakes in Visual Art: Differentiating AI-Generated Art From Human Art Using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413126685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3596882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3596882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3596882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3596882","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119275397","display_name":"Ngonidzashe Tinago","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7636-8620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ngonidzashe Tinago","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa","Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7636-8620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083755485","display_name":"Silas Formunyuy Verkijika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-7211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silas Formunyuy Verkijika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa","Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-7211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049011646","display_name":"Kelibone Eva Mamabolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-276X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131135081","display_name":"Sol Plaatje University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kn7bc28","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelibone Eva Mamabolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa","Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-276X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Sol Plaatje University, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119275397"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131135081"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4718,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89618694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"141484","last_page":"141495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14254","display_name":"Digital Media and Visual Art","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8788546323776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7429649829864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6311466097831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43675482273101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.357593834400177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8788546323776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7429649829864502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6311466097831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43675482273101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.357593834400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3596882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3596882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7762eb6d08784b7c8848b5e9fd8c5495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7762eb6d08784b7c8848b5e9fd8c5495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 141484-141495 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3596882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3596882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022508996","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2807436399","https://openalex.org/W2905347572","https://openalex.org/W3031170489","https://openalex.org/W3048007723","https://openalex.org/W3082653114","https://openalex.org/W3135809943","https://openalex.org/W3165515625","https://openalex.org/W3176363435","https://openalex.org/W3203989796","https://openalex.org/W4206363386","https://openalex.org/W4210699789","https://openalex.org/W4220982360","https://openalex.org/W4293229567","https://openalex.org/W4309113514","https://openalex.org/W4361279969","https://openalex.org/W4375955734","https://openalex.org/W4385953069","https://openalex.org/W4386242492","https://openalex.org/W4388292415","https://openalex.org/W4388495872","https://openalex.org/W4389370799","https://openalex.org/W4390191016","https://openalex.org/W4392404520","https://openalex.org/W4399566658","https://openalex.org/W4401165468","https://openalex.org/W4402915703","https://openalex.org/W4405181141","https://openalex.org/W6700087836","https://openalex.org/W6773526402","https://openalex.org/W6839420770","https://openalex.org/W6860954164","https://openalex.org/W6869200858","https://openalex.org/W6869832590","https://openalex.org/W6874657295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"AI":[1,32,171],"technology":[2,33],"evolves,":[3],"seeing":[4],"is":[5,15,25],"not":[6],"believing.":[7],"The":[8,138],"boundary":[9],"between":[10,133],"human":[11],"and":[12,74,112,135,154,165],"machine":[13],"creativity":[14],"increasingly":[16,36],"blurred,":[17],"presenting":[18],"challenges":[19],"for":[20,71,150,180],"the":[21,47,85,88,121,159,167,173,178,186],"art":[22,57,100,174],"industry.":[23],"This":[24,44],"more":[26],"pronounced":[27],"nowadays":[28],"as":[29,156],"advancements":[30,117],"in":[31,118,172],"make":[34],"it":[35],"easy":[37],"to":[38,54,116],"create":[39],"highly":[40],"realistic":[41],"synthetic":[42],"art.":[43,60,137],"study":[45,78,125],"explores":[46],"use":[48],"of":[49,123,140,161,170],"Convolutional":[50],"Neural":[51],"Networks":[52],"(CNNs)":[53],"differentiate":[55],"AI-generated":[56,134],"from":[58,101],"human-created":[59,136],"By":[61],"employing":[62],"Error":[63],"Level":[64],"Analysis":[65],"(ELA),":[66],"an":[67],"image":[68],"forensic":[69],"technique":[70],"detecting":[72],"fake":[73],"real":[75],"images,":[76],"this":[77,124,141],"develops":[79],"a":[80,92,102,110],"robust":[81],"CNN":[82],"classifier.":[83],"Using":[84],"AI-ArtBench":[86],"dataset,":[87],"optimal":[89],"model":[90],"achieves":[91],"99%":[93],"classification":[94],"accuracy,":[95],"even":[96],"when":[97],"tested":[98],"on":[99],"different":[103],"generative":[104,119],"model.":[105],"While":[106],"AI-image":[107],"detection":[108],"remains":[109],"\u201ccat":[111],"mouse\u201d":[113],"pursuit":[114],"due":[115],"AI,":[120],"findings":[122],"highlight":[126],"that":[127],"there":[128],"are":[129],"clear,":[130],"discriminable":[131],"differences":[132],"implications":[139],"research":[142],"extend":[143],"beyond":[144],"academic":[145],"inquiry.":[146],"They":[147],"offer":[148],"support":[149],"artists,":[151],"collectors,":[152],"curators,":[153],"policymakers":[155],"they":[157],"navigate":[158],"complexities":[160],"AI\u2019s":[162],"expanding":[163],"availability":[164],"address":[166],"evolving":[168],"role":[169],"world.":[175],"It":[176],"sets":[177],"groundwork":[179],"application":[181],"within":[182],"fields":[183],"faced":[184],"with":[185],"same":[187],"or":[188],"similar":[189],"challenges.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
