{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412985031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595861","title":"FL-QNNs: Memory Efficient and Privacy Preserving Framework for Peripheral Blood Cell Classification","display_name":"FL-QNNs: Memory Efficient and Privacy Preserving Framework for Peripheral Blood Cell Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412985031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3595861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595861","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000303741","display_name":"Meenakshi Aggarwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105454292","display_name":"Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University","ror":"https://ror.org/034q1za58","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105454292"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132145264","display_name":"Bhagwant University","ror":"https://ror.org/030c1ef86","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132145264"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meenakshi Aggarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bhagwan Parshuram Institute of Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), Rohini, New Delhi, India","Bhagwan Parshuram Institute of Technology, GGSIPU, Rohini, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bhagwan Parshuram Institute of Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), Rohini, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105454292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bhagwan Parshuram Institute of Technology, GGSIPU, Rohini, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132145264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043722627","display_name":"Vikas Khullar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-3652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vikas Khullar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India","Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-3652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079524430","display_name":"Nitin Goyal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7878-363X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133503","display_name":"Central University of Haryana","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtwkv54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133503"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitin Goyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bhavani Sankar Panda","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhavani Sankar Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089148967","display_name":"Hardik Doshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132999081","display_name":"Marwadi University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dn1812","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hardik Doshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India","Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Marwadi Universitly Research Center, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Marwadi Universitly Research Center, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nafeesh Ahmad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178000100","display_name":"Kurukshetra University","ror":"https://ror.org/019bzvf55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178000100"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nafeesh Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178000100"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027152210","display_name":"Vivek Bhardwaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2288-6987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Bhardwaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2288-6987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100705962","display_name":"Gaurav Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-2798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85461943","display_name":"Saveetha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0034me914","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000303741"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105454292","https://openalex.org/I3132145264"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.2624,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92618932,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"138197","last_page":"138214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.685929536819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-blood","display_name":"Peripheral blood","score":0.5699938535690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral","display_name":"Peripheral","score":0.426942378282547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11734989285469055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.685929536819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017910909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618363","display_name":"Peripheral blood","level":2,"score":0.5699938535690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46762472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178648","display_name":"Peripheral","level":2,"score":0.426942378282547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11734989285469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3595861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a64f3616a9104b5087d0a0726fb0c3d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a64f3616a9104b5087d0a0726fb0c3d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 138197-138214 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3595861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322932","display_name":"Manipal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770563714","https://openalex.org/W2968859244","https://openalex.org/W3015930014","https://openalex.org/W3138537816","https://openalex.org/W4210586732","https://openalex.org/W4224861249","https://openalex.org/W4225161501","https://openalex.org/W4226461837","https://openalex.org/W4297535697","https://openalex.org/W4309269102","https://openalex.org/W4312753079","https://openalex.org/W4317206882","https://openalex.org/W4318571800","https://openalex.org/W4324137535","https://openalex.org/W4377108254","https://openalex.org/W4388600491","https://openalex.org/W4389665970","https://openalex.org/W4390091843","https://openalex.org/W4393182613","https://openalex.org/W4393715193","https://openalex.org/W4394564281","https://openalex.org/W4395672984","https://openalex.org/W4396834201","https://openalex.org/W4400109725","https://openalex.org/W4401889011","https://openalex.org/W4404461739","https://openalex.org/W4404792902","https://openalex.org/W4406728196","https://openalex.org/W4407229641","https://openalex.org/W4408378056","https://openalex.org/W4409058274","https://openalex.org/W6787063514","https://openalex.org/W6802798551","https://openalex.org/W6863577401","https://openalex.org/W6868882978"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"blood":[1,33,42,53,135],"predominantly":[2],"consists":[3],"of":[4,16,26,148],"plasma,":[5],"erythrocytes,":[6],"leukocytes,":[7],"and":[8,18,20,39,70,77,82,86,100,128,175,180,201,204,222,226,232,245,261],"thrombocytes.":[9],"It":[10],"is":[11,97,109,216,250],"crucial":[12],"for":[13,21,133,240,256],"the":[14,23,27,144,156,193,236],"transportation":[15],"oxygen":[17],"nutrients":[19],"storing":[22],"health":[24],"information":[25],"human":[28,103],"body.":[29],"The":[30,140,151],"body":[31],"uses":[32],"cells":[34,54],"to":[35,46,102],"fight":[36],"against":[37],"diseases":[38],"infections.":[40],"Consequently,":[41,105],"analysis":[43],"enables":[44],"clinicians":[45],"evaluate":[47],"a":[48,94,114,184,188],"person\u2019s":[49],"physiological":[50],"state.":[51],"These":[52],"are":[55],"categorized":[56],"into":[57],"eight":[58,149],"classes":[59],"such":[60,167],"as":[61,168,183,252],"neutrophils,":[62],"eosinophils,":[63],"basophils,":[64],"lymphocytes,":[65],"monocytes,":[66],"immature":[67],"granulocytes,":[68],"erythroblasts,":[69],"platelets":[71],"based":[72],"on":[73],"nuclear":[74],"characteristics,":[75],"morphology,":[76],"cytoplasmic":[78],"composition.":[79],"Historically,":[80],"pathologists":[81],"hematologists":[83],"have":[84],"discovered":[85],"analyzed":[87],"specimens":[88],"using":[89],"microscopy":[90],"before":[91],"physical":[92],"categorization,":[93],"method":[95],"that":[96],"time":[98],"consuming":[99],"susceptible":[101],"error.":[104],"automating":[106],"this":[107],"procedure":[108],"imperative.":[110],"This":[111,234],"study":[112,152],"proposes":[113],"resource":[115],"efficient,":[116],"privacy":[117],"preserving,":[118],"optimized":[119],"memory":[120,262],"framework":[121,197],"by":[122,154,210],"incorporating":[123],"two":[124],"approaches:":[125],"Federated":[126],"learning":[127,161,195],"quantized":[129],"neural":[130,163],"network":[131,164],"(FL-QNNs)":[132],"peripheral":[134],"cell":[136],"(PBC)":[137],"image":[138],"classification.":[139],"data":[141,231],"set":[142],"include":[143],"total":[145],"17,092":[146],"images":[147],"classes.":[150],"began":[153],"training":[155],"model":[157,166],"with":[158,198,218,264],"seven":[159],"Deep":[160,266],"Convolutional":[162],"(DL-CNN)":[165],"LeNet,":[169],"SimpleCNN,":[170],"MiniAlexNet,":[171],"SmallVGG,":[172],"TinyResNet,":[173],"MiniMobileNet,":[174],"Multiple":[176],"layer":[177],"perceptron":[178],"(MLP)":[179],"consider":[181],"them":[182],"baseline":[185,220],"models":[186,221],"achieving":[187],"98-99%":[189,224],"accuracy.":[190],"Then":[191],"implement":[192],"federated":[194],"(FL)":[196],"IID":[199],"(Independent":[200],"identically":[202],"distributed)":[203],"Non-IID":[205],"datasets":[206],"maintain":[207],"similar":[208],"results":[209],"preserving":[211,230],"data.":[212],"Further":[213],"FL-QNNs":[214],"approach":[215,255],"used":[217],"these":[219],"achieved":[223],"accuracy":[225],"while":[227],"optimizing":[228],"memory,":[229],"resources.":[233],"makes":[235],"technique":[237],"exceptionally":[238],"appropriate":[239],"implementation":[241],"in":[242],"real-world,":[243],"privacy-sensitive,":[244],"resource-limited":[246],"healthcare":[247],"settings.":[248],"FL-QNN":[249],"recognized":[251],"an":[253],"effective":[254],"minimizing":[257],"substantial":[258],"computational":[259],"resources":[260],"associated":[263],"several":[265],"Learning":[267],"(DL)":[268],"methods.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}