{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412985128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595187","title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Prediction of Cognitive Frailty: A Clinical Data Approach","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Prediction of Cognitive Frailty: A Clinical Data Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412985128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595187"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3595187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595187","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074532069","display_name":"Shahram Salami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salami Safran Olugbenga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohamed Aashiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4252-7555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Aashiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Siti Anom Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1759-0118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siti Anom Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tan Maw Pin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-8540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan Maw Pin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuanyuan Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100550","display_name":"Zhejiang DongFang Vocational and Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/00yejqr65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100550"]}],"countries":["CN","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Smart Health and Wellness, Health Medical College, Zhejiang Dongfang Polytechnic, Wenzhou, China","Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Smart Health and Wellness, Health Medical College, Zhejiang Dongfang Polytechnic, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6449-8184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100550","display_name":"Zhejiang DongFang Vocational and Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/00yejqr65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100550"]}],"countries":["CN","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","Health Medical College, School of Smart Health and Wellness, Zhejiang Dongfang Polytechnic, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Medical College, School of Smart Health and Wellness, Zhejiang Dongfang Polytechnic, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074532069"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13867476,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"161529","last_page":"161540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8422999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8422999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.8198000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11011","display_name":"Frailty in Older Adults","score":0.7998999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2717","display_name":"Geriatrics and Gerontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.75388503074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5370451807975769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5073801875114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42037326097488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09558326005935669}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.75388503074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5370451807975769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5073801875114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42037326097488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09558326005935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3595187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:637624b94a634754b9c1e8e5cafcea37","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/637624b94a634754b9c1e8e5cafcea37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 161529-161540 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3595187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3595187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530121331","https://openalex.org/W2014915963","https://openalex.org/W2058409003","https://openalex.org/W2061382431","https://openalex.org/W2077411129","https://openalex.org/W2093274439","https://openalex.org/W2591841663","https://openalex.org/W2594717612","https://openalex.org/W2623732540","https://openalex.org/W2786578755","https://openalex.org/W2789556447","https://openalex.org/W2944434778","https://openalex.org/W2947769118","https://openalex.org/W2966507976","https://openalex.org/W2989041903","https://openalex.org/W2999211019","https://openalex.org/W3003820967","https://openalex.org/W3007812975","https://openalex.org/W3010089269","https://openalex.org/W3012174479","https://openalex.org/W3017017267","https://openalex.org/W3026025636","https://openalex.org/W3032592468","https://openalex.org/W3037279011","https://openalex.org/W3038424140","https://openalex.org/W3042223515","https://openalex.org/W3043021196","https://openalex.org/W3046664783","https://openalex.org/W3082825957","https://openalex.org/W3093385449","https://openalex.org/W3094163441","https://openalex.org/W3129923482","https://openalex.org/W3163795874","https://openalex.org/W3170172610","https://openalex.org/W3189198649","https://openalex.org/W3195383715","https://openalex.org/W3217209353","https://openalex.org/W4200384204","https://openalex.org/W4200402659","https://openalex.org/W4293432596","https://openalex.org/W4310466264","https://openalex.org/W4315865880","https://openalex.org/W4363646983","https://openalex.org/W4366264552","https://openalex.org/W4390204825","https://openalex.org/W4391293814","https://openalex.org/W4400391907","https://openalex.org/W4400907767","https://openalex.org/W4406619938","https://openalex.org/W4410731825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"frailty":[1,9,20,26],"(CF),":[2],"defined":[3],"as":[4],"the":[5,37,59,82,152,155,172],"co-existence":[6],"of":[7,40,130,141,154,176,183],"physical":[8],"and":[10,22,46,61,69,85,90,102,109,121,127,134,143,148,158],"cognitive":[11,19,25],"impairment":[12],"without":[13],"dementia,":[14],"has":[15],"two":[16],"subtypes:":[17],"reversible":[18,24],"(RCF)":[21],"potentially":[23],"(PRCF).":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"aimed":[30],"to":[31,202],"develop":[32],"machine":[33,93],"learning":[34,94],"models":[35,123,136],"for":[36,179,188],"early":[38],"prediction":[39],"CF":[41,78],"by":[42],"incorporating":[43],"both":[44,181],"RCF":[45],"PRCF":[47],"into":[48,76],"a":[49],"unified":[50],"framework.":[51],"Data":[52],"from":[53,58,88],"2,173":[54],"participants":[55],"were":[56,74,104],"sourced":[57],"AGELESS":[60],"MELoR":[62],"cohort":[63],"studies,":[64],"including":[65],"clinical,":[66,107],"blood,":[67,108],"urine,":[68],"health":[70],"status":[71],"information.":[72],"Participants":[73],"grouped":[75],"six":[77],"categories":[79],"based":[80],"on":[81,163],"FRAIL":[83],"scale":[84],"MoCA":[86],"scores":[87,129,147],"2020":[89],"2022.":[91],"Seven":[92],"models,":[95,157],"SVM,":[96,119],"LR,":[97,120],"KNN,":[98],"RF,":[99],"CART,":[100],"LDA,":[101],"GNB,":[103],"trained":[105],"using":[106,197],"urine":[110],"datasets.":[111],"Clinical":[112],"variables":[113,178],"outperformed":[114],"other":[115],"data":[116],"types,":[117],"with":[118],"CART":[122],"achieving":[124],"95%":[125],"accuracy":[126],"AUC":[128],"1.0,":[131],"while":[132],"blood-":[133],"urine-based":[135],"showed":[137,160],"lower":[138],"performance":[139,162],"(AUCs":[140],"0.8":[142],"0.89,":[144],"respectively).":[145],"F1":[146],"ROC":[149],"analysis":[150],"confirmed":[151],"robustness":[153],"clinical":[156,177],"cross-validation":[159],"consistent":[161],"unseen":[164],"data,":[165],"indicating":[166],"no":[167],"overfitting.":[168],"These":[169],"findings":[170],"highlight":[171],"superior":[173],"predictive":[174],"power":[175],"identifying":[180],"subtypes":[182],"CF,":[184],"supporting":[185],"their":[186],"potential":[187],"use":[189],"in":[190],"early,":[191],"accurate":[192],"diagnosis.":[193],"Nonetheless,":[194],"external":[195],"validation":[196],"independent":[198],"cohorts":[199],"is":[200],"recommended":[201],"ensure":[203],"broader":[204],"applicability.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2025-08-06T00:00:00"}