{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412747838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3593953","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Cryptographic Techniques in Federated Learning for Secure Data Sharing and Applications","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review of Cryptographic Techniques in Federated Learning for Secure Data Sharing and Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412747838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3593953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3593953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3593953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3593953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108903970","display_name":"Anik Sen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anik Sen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","Multimedia University, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7941-3260","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia University, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002667285","display_name":"Swee\u2010Huay Heng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-2131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144487","display_name":"Cloud Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04aa0zm65","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144487"]}],"countries":["CN","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swee-Huay Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Intelligent Cloud Computing, CoE for Advanced Cloud, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","Multimedia University, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-2131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Intelligent Cloud Computing, CoE for Advanced Cloud, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219","https://openalex.org/I4210144487"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia University, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053906728","display_name":"Shing Chiang Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-1894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shing-Chiang Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Analytics, CoE for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","Multimedia University, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-1894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Analytics, CoE for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia University, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108903970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0982,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88180077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"135138","last_page":"135164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7916089296340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6435036659240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.43390345573425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4143000543117523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.3862535357475281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7916089296340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6435036659240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.43390345573425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4143000543117523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.3862535357475281}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3593953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3593953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:14405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:debd1c1ab94d47309b1ae3ba95ca4c39","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/debd1c1ab94d47309b1ae3ba95ca4c39","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 135138-135164 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3593953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3593953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":215,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2335755599","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2530417694","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2605157201","https://openalex.org/W2606065148","https://openalex.org/W2606882085","https://openalex.org/W2768516003","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2784621220","https://openalex.org/W2794624686","https://openalex.org/W2797870998","https://openalex.org/W2801874531","https://openalex.org/W2807363941","https://openalex.org/W2893368739","https://openalex.org/W2896422817","https://openalex.org/W2897514040","https://openalex.org/W2903890850","https://openalex.org/W2917425811","https://openalex.org/W2922569945","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2935033494","https://openalex.org/W2947072673","https://openalex.org/W2949734902","https://openalex.org/W2951832089","https://openalex.org/W2962804345","https://openalex.org/W2963183964","https://openalex.org/W2964043980","https://openalex.org/W2964219000","https://openalex.org/W2967119243","https://openalex.org/W2970606380","https://openalex.org/W2970885630","https://openalex.org/W2972653719","https://openalex.org/W2973629179","https://openalex.org/W2974306260","https://openalex.org/W2974429275","https://openalex.org/W2977090839","https://openalex.org/W2977797911","https://openalex.org/W2978709794","https://openalex.org/W2980713544","https://openalex.org/W2990595670","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W2997853417","https://openalex.org/W2998628425","https://openalex.org/W3006403184","https://openalex.org/W3007607795","https://openalex.org/W3008233947","https://openalex.org/W3009627224","https://openalex.org/W3009934096","https://openalex.org/W3011892127","https://openalex.org/W3013310637","https://openalex.org/W3015767938","https://openalex.org/W3016560828","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3016839154","https://openalex.org/W3023510488","https://openalex.org/W3027859434","https://openalex.org/W3029558105","https://openalex.org/W3040384242","https://openalex.org/W3042336089","https://openalex.org/W3045638580","https://openalex.org/W3045670331","https://openalex.org/W3046056026","https://openalex.org/W3051272477","https://openalex.org/W3084128899","https://openalex.org/W3086809868","https://openalex.org/W3087991973","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3095859802","https://openalex.org/W3099128725","https://openalex.org/W3102496129","https://openalex.org/W3103989228","https://openalex.org/W3104631511","https://openalex.org/W3112885687","https://openalex.org/W3116546042","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3121442875","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3127000387","https://openalex.org/W3128515475","https://openalex.org/W3133273835","https://openalex.org/W3134843574","https://openalex.org/W3135606723","https://openalex.org/W3146591378","https://openalex.org/W3154373807","https://openalex.org/W3155045906","https://openalex.org/W3155184874","https://openalex.org/W3155189475","https://openalex.org/W3158003593","https://openalex.org/W3163893137","https://openalex.org/W3164712068","https://openalex.org/W3172018708","https://openalex.org/W3172555720","https://openalex.org/W3172836181","https://openalex.org/W3175663678","https://openalex.org/W3175748529","https://openalex.org/W3185162399","https://openalex.org/W3192242030","https://openalex.org/W3192820662","https://openalex.org/W3193351399","https://openalex.org/W3193779274","https://openalex.org/W3196377726","https://openalex.org/W3196498627","https://openalex.org/W3197298723","https://openalex.org/W3198262235","https://openalex.org/W3200523076","https://openalex.org/W3201079611","https://openalex.org/W3201578571","https://openalex.org/W3203400980","https://openalex.org/W3206985409","https://openalex.org/W3208259747","https://openalex.org/W3209055291","https://openalex.org/W3212552055","https://openalex.org/W3216394207","https://openalex.org/W4200390322","https://openalex.org/W4205374014","https://openalex.org/W4205507294","https://openalex.org/W4205843451","https://openalex.org/W4206508980","https://openalex.org/W4206573848","https://openalex.org/W4206998261","https://openalex.org/W4210986894","https://openalex.org/W4211099356","https://openalex.org/W4213446860","https://openalex.org/W4220803748","https://openalex.org/W4220910237","https://openalex.org/W4223622367","https://openalex.org/W4224318489","https://openalex.org/W4281753687","https://openalex.org/W4285126476","https://openalex.org/W4285605911","https://openalex.org/W4286279706","https://openalex.org/W4289656845","https://openalex.org/W4296552403","https://openalex.org/W4302018437","https://openalex.org/W4302734258","https://openalex.org/W4307631392","https://openalex.org/W4311091458","https://openalex.org/W4317038528","https://openalex.org/W4319983854","https://openalex.org/W4321766338","https://openalex.org/W4360605300","https://openalex.org/W4362513799","https://openalex.org/W4366678696","https://openalex.org/W4377224122","https://openalex.org/W4380607213","https://openalex.org/W4381744377","https://openalex.org/W4382318985","https://openalex.org/W4385245701","https://openalex.org/W4385569630","https://openalex.org/W4385805197","https://openalex.org/W4385811749","https://openalex.org/W4386053125","https://openalex.org/W4386133978","https://openalex.org/W4386214703","https://openalex.org/W4386432021","https://openalex.org/W4386446924","https://openalex.org/W4386573760","https://openalex.org/W4387331595","https://openalex.org/W4387675761","https://openalex.org/W4388470286","https://openalex.org/W4388731191","https://openalex.org/W4388762520","https://openalex.org/W4390603852","https://openalex.org/W4390607445","https://openalex.org/W4391250546","https://openalex.org/W4391877132","https://openalex.org/W4392484195","https://openalex.org/W4392940081","https://openalex.org/W4394804988","https://openalex.org/W4400079231","https://openalex.org/W4400228779","https://openalex.org/W4400337301","https://openalex.org/W4400910629","https://openalex.org/W4401508611","https://openalex.org/W4402463423","https://openalex.org/W4405182642","https://openalex.org/W4405524801","https://openalex.org/W4405654385","https://openalex.org/W4406525888","https://openalex.org/W4406583616","https://openalex.org/W4407007798","https://openalex.org/W4407198518","https://openalex.org/W6676935882","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6738250615","https://openalex.org/W6738383168","https://openalex.org/W6746388805","https://openalex.org/W6746720608","https://openalex.org/W6750462152","https://openalex.org/W6751754709","https://openalex.org/W6752600739","https://openalex.org/W6753492755","https://openalex.org/W6756680320","https://openalex.org/W6756840679","https://openalex.org/W6757172675","https://openalex.org/W6762803017","https://openalex.org/W6767675000","https://openalex.org/W6768238524","https://openalex.org/W6768511045","https://openalex.org/W6770471063","https://openalex.org/W6770634426","https://openalex.org/W6772307254","https://openalex.org/W6773817997","https://openalex.org/W6773976177","https://openalex.org/W6774195376","https://openalex.org/W6780438843","https://openalex.org/W6781175393","https://openalex.org/W6784759249","https://openalex.org/W6789707170","https://openalex.org/W6797270356","https://openalex.org/W6800286734","https://openalex.org/W6840527761","https://openalex.org/W6853992557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904818008","https://openalex.org/W2904314268","https://openalex.org/W57958781","https://openalex.org/W1554274402","https://openalex.org/W1982325601","https://openalex.org/W4240432851","https://openalex.org/W2289378658","https://openalex.org/W1531360494","https://openalex.org/W1988007309","https://openalex.org/W154233216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,107],"demand":[1],"for":[2],"secure":[3],"data":[4],"sharing":[5,35],"is":[6],"growing":[7],"fast":[8],"in":[9,70,166,187,205,222],"sensitive":[10],"domains":[11],"like":[12],"healthcare,":[13],"finance,":[14],"and":[15,51,97,101,114,145,155,179,184,203,211,216],"IoT.":[16],"Federated":[17],"Learning":[18],"(FL)":[19],"introduces":[20],"a":[21],"decentralised":[22],"machine":[23],"learning":[24],"paradigm":[25],"whereby":[26],"models":[27],"can":[28],"be":[29],"trained":[30],"over":[31],"distributed":[32],"nodes":[33],"without":[34],"data.":[36],"Despite":[37],"its":[38],"promise,":[39],"FL":[40,72,214],"faces":[41],"significant":[42],"security":[43,68],"challenges,":[44],"such":[45,149],"as":[46,150],"gradient":[47],"inversion,":[48],"model":[49],"poisoning,":[50],"privacy":[52],"leakage,":[53],"which":[54],"involve":[55],"strong":[56],"cryptographic":[57,60],"techniques.":[58],"Some":[59],"techniques":[61,82,135,178],"have":[62],"been":[63],"proposed":[64],"to":[65,119,136,181,201],"address":[66],"potential":[67],"concerns":[69],"the":[71,80,121,156,167,173,206],"environment.":[73],"This":[74,127,190],"study":[75,191],"provides":[76],"an":[77,138],"overview":[78],"of":[79,123,175,208],"major":[81],"that":[83,132,196],"include":[84],"Homomorphic":[85],"Encryption":[86],"(HE),":[87],"Secure":[88],"Multi-Party":[89],"Computation":[90],"(SMPC),":[91],"Differential":[92],"Privacy":[93],"(DP),":[94],"blockchain":[95],"integration,":[96],"emerging":[98],"hybrid":[99,130,177],"approaches,":[100],"their":[102,111,219],"applications":[103],"from":[104],"different":[105],"perspectives.":[106],"techniques,":[108],"along":[109,161],"with":[110,162],"respective":[112],"strengths":[113],"weaknesses,":[115],"are":[116,159],"systematically":[117],"compared":[118],"ensure":[120],"identification":[122],"appropriate":[124],"application":[125],"domains.":[126,224],"review":[128],"addresses":[129],"approaches":[131],"combine":[133],"multiple":[134],"achieve":[137],"optimal":[139],"trade-off":[140,158],"between":[141],"privacy,":[142],"computational":[143,151,183],"efficiency,":[144],"scalability.":[146],"Key":[147],"challenges":[148],"overhead,":[152],"scalability":[153],"limitations,":[154],"privacy-utility":[157],"identified,":[160],"notable":[163],"research":[164],"gaps":[165],"field.":[168],"Future":[169],"directions":[170],"emphasise":[171],"on":[172],"development":[174,207],"optimised":[176],"strategies":[180],"alleviate":[182],"communication":[185],"overheads":[186],"resource-constrained":[188],"environments.":[189],"therefore":[192],"reviews":[193],"those":[194],"aspects":[195],"might":[197],"provide":[198],"useful":[199],"insights":[200],"researchers":[202],"practitioners":[204],"secure,":[209],"scalable,":[210],"computationally":[212],"efficient":[213],"systems,":[215],"hence":[217],"facilitate":[218],"practical":[220],"implementation":[221],"privacy-sensitive":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-13T08:25:38.343686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
