{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412718832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592693","title":"Linking Electrocardiogram and Echocardiogram: Comparing Classical Machine Learning and Deep Learning Neural Networks for the Detection of Regional Wall Motion Abnormalities","display_name":"Linking Electrocardiogram and Echocardiogram: Comparing Classical Machine Learning and Deep Learning Neural Networks for the Detection of Regional Wall Motion Abnormalities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412718832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074845092","display_name":"Shantanu Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0110-6515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shantanu M. Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0110-6515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119100953","display_name":"Hana R. Shaik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hana R. Shaik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","Department of Electrical &#x0026; Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6572-4882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical &#x0026; Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shivam Rai Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8550-8443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivam Rai Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8550-8443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033953678","display_name":"Philip L. Strong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Strong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1982-9475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002860390","display_name":"Uma N. Srivatsa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0378-2346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uma Srivatsa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0378-2346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065580838","display_name":"Imo Ebong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9687-7541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imo Ebong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9687-7541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079541479","display_name":"Hyoyoung Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1808-7824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyoyoung Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","Department of Electrical &#x0026; Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1808-7824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical &#x0026; Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017383502","display_name":"Chen\u2010Nee Chuah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-387X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen-Nee Chuah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","Department of Electrical &#x0026; Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-387X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical &#x0026; Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027272747","display_name":"Lihong Mo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-0594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihong Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-0594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074845092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28982531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"134519","last_page":"134528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6950159072875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.680785596370697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6518476009368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6322196125984192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5867547988891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.496023029088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4899989664554596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6950159072875977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.680785596370697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6518476009368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6322196125984192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5867547988891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.496023029088974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4899989664554596}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9bb9s362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9bb9s362","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9bb9s362/qt9bb9s362.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:ark:/13030/qt9bb9s362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:018c9a24567242aab4a402c1810f1a9b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/018c9a24567242aab4a402c1810f1a9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 134519-134528 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164802248","https://openalex.org/W759596803","https://openalex.org/W1565566980","https://openalex.org/W2125654608","https://openalex.org/W2139322118","https://openalex.org/W2160439670","https://openalex.org/W2795302640","https://openalex.org/W2795913243","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2965520043","https://openalex.org/W2996959172","https://openalex.org/W3009634742","https://openalex.org/W3015226328","https://openalex.org/W3015494572","https://openalex.org/W3046049917","https://openalex.org/W3099085560","https://openalex.org/W3104075323","https://openalex.org/W3120937942","https://openalex.org/W3127637041","https://openalex.org/W3166902960","https://openalex.org/W3188409561","https://openalex.org/W3193394534","https://openalex.org/W3202295392","https://openalex.org/W4206756110","https://openalex.org/W4214807529","https://openalex.org/W4226335621","https://openalex.org/W4229447538","https://openalex.org/W4323652738","https://openalex.org/W4367043571","https://openalex.org/W4381282576","https://openalex.org/W4385220646","https://openalex.org/W4404468955","https://openalex.org/W4405013924","https://openalex.org/W4406344204","https://openalex.org/W4406748510","https://openalex.org/W6874352630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4377865163","https://openalex.org/W3193857078","https://openalex.org/W2888956734","https://openalex.org/W3000197790","https://openalex.org/W4315865067","https://openalex.org/W3208304128","https://openalex.org/W2979433843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Historically,":[0],"electrocardiogram":[1],"(ECG)":[2],"datasets":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"created":[6],"based":[7],"on":[8,66,102,129],"physicians\u2019":[9],"interpretation":[10],"of":[11,53,135,174,184,206,221,231,251,286,304,332],"the":[12,54,103,113,119,136,158,163,168,175,182,185,191,200,217,257,279,291,305,317,323],"ECG,":[13],"which":[14],"may":[15],"introduce":[16],"human":[17],"biases":[18],"and":[19,62,93,153,229,247,269,283,309,327],"errors.":[20],"Nightingale":[21,114],"Open":[22,115],"Science":[23,116],"provides":[24],"an":[25,31,51,67,72,197,214],"open-source":[26],"ECG":[27,105,308],"dataset":[28],"linking":[29],"to":[30,50,83,161,180,315],"imaging":[32,68,78],"marker,":[33],"regional":[34],"wall":[35],"motion":[36],"abnormality":[37],"(RWMA),":[38],"that":[39,57,190,244,266,321],"is":[40,297],"primarily":[41],"associated":[42,260],"with":[43,126,142,149,170,261,290,334],"myocardial":[44],"ischemia":[45],"or":[46,74,254],"infarction.":[47],"RWMA":[48,85,128,151,179],"refers":[49],"area":[52,198,215],"heart":[55],"muscle":[56],"does":[58],"not":[59],"contract":[60],"properly":[61],"can":[63],"be":[64],"identified":[65,146],"modality":[69],"such":[70],"as":[71,256],"echocardiogram":[73,131],"cardiac":[75],"magnetic":[76],"resonance":[77],"(MRI).":[79],"Our":[80,187],"study":[81,264],"aimed":[82],"predict":[84],"using":[86],"both":[87],"classical":[88,270],"machine":[89],"learning":[90],"(ML)":[91],"methods":[92,272],"a":[94,133,298],"one-dimensional":[95],"convolutional":[96],"neural":[97],"network":[98],"(1D":[99,208,223,233],"CNN)":[100,209,224,234],"model":[101,195,242,284,289],"12-lead":[104],"data":[106,164],"from":[107,157],"3,750":[108,120],"unique":[109],"patients":[110,141,148,160,177],"provided":[111],"by":[112],"platform.":[117],"Of":[118],"patients,":[121],"341":[122],"(9.1%)":[123],"were":[124],"diagnosed":[125],"positive":[127,150],"their":[130],"within":[132],"year":[134],"ECG.":[137],"After":[138],"filtering":[139],"out":[140],"missing":[143],"data,":[144],"we":[145,277],"313":[147,156,176],"label":[152],"randomly":[154],"undersampled":[155],"remaining":[159],"keep":[162],"balanced.":[165],"We":[166],"repeated":[167],"experiments":[169],"five":[171],"random":[172],"selections":[173],"without":[178],"ensure":[181],"robustness":[183],"models.":[186],"results":[188],"indicate":[189],"optimized":[192],"1D":[193,287],"CNN":[194,267,288,319],"achieved":[196],"under":[199,216],"receiver":[201],"operating":[202],"characteristic":[203],"curve":[204,219],"(AUROC)":[205],"73.40%":[207],"versus":[210,225,235],"63.58%":[211,236],"(Random":[212,227,237],"Forest),":[213,228],"precision-recall":[218],"(AUPRC)":[220],"72.45%":[222],"72.64%":[226],"accuracy":[230],"71.15%":[232],"Forest).":[238],"The":[239],"Random":[240],"Forest":[241],"revealed":[243],"QT":[245],"duration":[246],"maximal":[248],"amplitude":[249],"differential":[250],"ST":[252],"elevation":[253],"depression":[255],"key":[258],"features":[259],"RWMA.":[262],"This":[263,296],"demonstrated":[265],"models":[268],"ML":[271],"offer":[273],"complementary":[274],"advantages.":[275],"Additionally,":[276],"compared":[278],"performance,":[280],"training":[281],"time":[282],"complexity":[285],"latest":[292],"foundation":[293],"model,":[294],"HuBERT-ECG.":[295],"preliminary":[299],"step":[300],"for":[301,330],"further":[302],"elucidation":[303],"relationship":[306],"between":[307],"echocardiogram.":[310],"Future":[311],"studies":[312],"are":[313],"needed":[314],"determine":[316],"optimal":[318],"architecture":[320],"balances":[322],"target":[324],"classifier":[325],"performance":[326],"computational":[328],"efficiency":[329],"ease":[331],"deployment":[333],"larger":[335],"datasets.":[336]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
