{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412623266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592541","title":"PHILDER: Lightweight Framework for Intelligent Phishing Detection on Resource-Limited Devices","display_name":"PHILDER: Lightweight Framework for Intelligent Phishing Detection on Resource-Limited Devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412623266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592541","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093308172","display_name":"Guilherme Dantas Bispo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4938-2076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105359","display_name":"Shanghai Liangyou (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/029zp7d63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilherme Dantas Bispo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4938-2076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103214770","display_name":"C\u00e9sar Augusto Borges de Andrade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5776-2119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105359","display_name":"Shanghai Liangyou (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/029zp7d63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C\u00e9sar Augusto Borges de Andrade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5776-2119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093898725","display_name":"Gabriela Mayumi Saiki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5941-1601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105359","display_name":"Shanghai Liangyou (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/029zp7d63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Mayumi Saiki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5941-1601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042560964","display_name":"Raquel Valadares Borges","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105359","display_name":"Shanghai Liangyou (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/029zp7d63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116315","display_name":"Bio-Bras","ror":"https://ror.org/01ng1nj07","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116315"]}],"countries":["BR","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raquel Valadares Borges","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, UnB, Brasília, Brazil","Department of Statistics, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, UnB, Brasília, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043811199","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Luiz Marques Serrano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5182-0496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105359","display_name":"Shanghai Liangyou (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/029zp7d63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Luiz Marques Serrano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065426559","display_name":"Geraldo P. Rocha Filho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6795-2768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I345918524","display_name":"Southwest Bahia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg6ka44","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I345918524"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geraldo Pereira Rocha Filho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Vitória da Conquista, Brazil","Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6795-2768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Vitória da Conquista, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I345918524"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I345918524"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042123161","display_name":"Vin\u00edcius P. Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3771-2605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105359","display_name":"Shanghai Liangyou (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/029zp7d63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vin\u00edcius Pereira Gon\u00e7alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3771-2605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105359"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.4357,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97688212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"131967","last_page":"131979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7459787130355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.7029392719268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.46473029255867004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.46236780285835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27382975816726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23407670855522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1314152181148529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7459787130355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.7029392719268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46473029255867004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.46236780285835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27382975816726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23407670855522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1314152181148529}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:839085eaf3bc497dac137b515c14e573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/839085eaf3bc497dac137b515c14e573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 131967-131979 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3592541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2489239351","https://openalex.org/W2613526883","https://openalex.org/W2618014102","https://openalex.org/W2805519569","https://openalex.org/W2816743865","https://openalex.org/W2890718808","https://openalex.org/W2912009511","https://openalex.org/W2914801588","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2968485626","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W2999300566","https://openalex.org/W3003474246","https://openalex.org/W3015447130","https://openalex.org/W3018800955","https://openalex.org/W3034457371","https://openalex.org/W3044766287","https://openalex.org/W3047536849","https://openalex.org/W3105966348","https://openalex.org/W3184796286","https://openalex.org/W4206428177","https://openalex.org/W4213287278","https://openalex.org/W4388052812","https://openalex.org/W4395667280","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6768851824","https://openalex.org/W6773815586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2149202530","https://openalex.org/W2807822918","https://openalex.org/W2921723332","https://openalex.org/W4391093354","https://openalex.org/W2482950156","https://openalex.org/W4396966040","https://openalex.org/W2305322260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,52,141,171,214],"increasing":[1],"sophistication":[2],"of":[3,16,38,58,94,114,174,180,207,216,232],"phishing":[4,39,83,233],"attacks":[5],"represents":[6],"a":[7,30,55,137,225],"significant":[8],"challenge":[9],"to":[10,20,97,109,150,154,160,166,237],"cybersecurity,":[11],"particularly":[12],"in":[13,40,197,234],"the":[14,35,42,65,77,92,99,115,130,146,158,167,178,205,229],"context":[15],"fraudulent":[17,73],"emails":[18,60,96],"crafted":[19],"deceive":[21],"users":[22],"and":[23,64,72,82,101,124,136,162,204],"steal":[24],"confidential":[25],"information.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28,176],"proposes":[29],"deep":[31],"learning\u2013based":[32],"approach":[33,148,227],"for":[34,184,212,228],"automatic":[36,230],"detection":[37,231],"emails,":[41,84,235],"PHILDER":[43,217],"(PHishing":[44],"Intelligent":[45],"Lightweight":[46],"DEtection":[47],"on":[48],"Resource-limited":[49],"devices)":[50],"model.":[51],"study":[53],"employs":[54],"dataset":[56],"composed":[57],"real":[59],"extracted":[61],"from":[62],"PhishTank":[63],"SpamAssassin":[66],"Public":[67],"Corpus,":[68],"spanning":[69],"both":[70],"legitimate":[71,95],"samples.":[74],"To":[75],"address":[76],"natural":[78],"imbalance":[79],"between":[80],"spam":[81],"two":[85,169],"strategies":[86,211],"were":[87,126],"applied:":[88],"undersampling,":[89,135],"which":[90,187],"reduces":[91],"number":[93],"balance":[98],"classes,":[100],"oversampling":[102,147],"using":[103,129],"SMOTE":[104],"(Synthetic":[105],"Minority":[106],"Over-sampling":[107],"Technique)":[108],"generate":[110],"new":[111],"synthetic":[112],"samples":[113],"minority":[116],"class.":[117],"Five":[118],"models":[119],"(ALBERT,":[120],"DistilBERT,":[121],"MobileBERT,":[122],"MiniLM,":[123],"TinyBERT)":[125],"trained:":[127],"one":[128,133],"original":[131],"dataset,":[132],"with":[134,139,220],"third":[138],"oversampling.":[140],"experimental":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"that":[145],"had":[149],"be":[151],"discarded":[152],"due":[153],"computational":[155,181,202],"cost":[156],"issues,":[157],"tendency":[159],"overfit,":[161],"inferior":[163],"performance":[164],"compared":[165],"other":[168],"approaches.":[170],"main":[172],"contributions":[173],"this":[175],"include":[177],"application":[179],"efficiency":[182],"metrics":[183,192],"model":[185],"evaluation,":[186],"not":[188],"only":[189],"consider":[190],"traditional":[191],"but":[193],"also":[194],"enable":[195],"assessment":[196],"real-world":[198],"applications":[199],"under":[200],"hardware":[201],"constraints,":[203],"exploration":[206],"different":[208],"data":[209,221],"composition":[210],"training.":[213],"use":[215],"(TinyBERT":[218],"combined":[219],"balancing":[222],"techniques)":[223],"demonstrates":[224],"promising":[226],"contributing":[236],"strengthening":[238],"digital":[239],"security":[240],"against":[241],"social":[242],"engineering":[243],"attacks.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}