{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412536483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3591114","title":"Adaptive Spelling in Immersive Reality: The Impact of Gamified VR and LLMs on Young Learners\u2019 English Color Word Acquisition","display_name":"Adaptive Spelling in Immersive Reality: The Impact of Gamified VR and LLMs on Young Learners\u2019 English Color Word Acquisition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412536483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3591114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3591114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3591114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3591114","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087653424","display_name":"Jalal Safari Bazargani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-6395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jalal Safari Bazargani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-6395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052523726","display_name":"Abolghasem Sadeghi\u2010Niaraki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-8216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abolghasem Sadeghi-Niaraki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050475206","display_name":"Xinyu Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-4035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I248216221","display_name":"Academy of Korean Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw4x405","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I248216221"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Korean Linguistics, The Academy of Korean Studies, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","Korean Linguistics, The Academy of Korean Studies, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Korean Linguistics, The Academy of Korean Studies, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I248216221"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korean Linguistics, The Academy of Korean Studies, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I248216221"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079413889","display_name":"Soo-Mi Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-1434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soo-Mi Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-1434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, XR Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087653424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4468,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90984334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"131789","last_page":"131802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14294","display_name":"Impulse Buying and Technology Impacts","score":0.9476000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14294","display_name":"Impulse Buying and Technology Impacts","score":0.9476000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.6726787090301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6516753435134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5618799924850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.47866925597190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.38064250349998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3088492453098297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2626332640647888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.6726787090301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6516753435134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5618799924850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47866925597190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.38064250349998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3088492453098297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2626332640647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3591114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3591114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0276ce12b2f04129980d772790098f93","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0276ce12b2f04129980d772790098f93","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 131789-131802 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3591114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3591114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G713537405","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2025-RS-2022 00156354","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313655","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Research, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313655","display_name":"Foundation for Research, Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64041154","https://openalex.org/W1993068343","https://openalex.org/W1998485876","https://openalex.org/W2021585046","https://openalex.org/W2023771104","https://openalex.org/W2061935394","https://openalex.org/W2074703312","https://openalex.org/W2080200130","https://openalex.org/W2114678837","https://openalex.org/W2208609486","https://openalex.org/W2342585065","https://openalex.org/W2460273295","https://openalex.org/W2623703952","https://openalex.org/W2738518146","https://openalex.org/W2756029264","https://openalex.org/W2792395002","https://openalex.org/W2801228678","https://openalex.org/W2910807112","https://openalex.org/W2916054924","https://openalex.org/W2955667117","https://openalex.org/W2967083413","https://openalex.org/W2980944390","https://openalex.org/W2998940246","https://openalex.org/W3000658738","https://openalex.org/W3028479752","https://openalex.org/W3092331539","https://openalex.org/W3127211988","https://openalex.org/W3141313638","https://openalex.org/W3154039277","https://openalex.org/W3171116189","https://openalex.org/W3207212224","https://openalex.org/W3216362862","https://openalex.org/W4205310319","https://openalex.org/W4206664967","https://openalex.org/W4244824445","https://openalex.org/W4250376732","https://openalex.org/W4285222038","https://openalex.org/W4292267091","https://openalex.org/W4312713042","https://openalex.org/W4317743505","https://openalex.org/W4360847994","https://openalex.org/W4367317663","https://openalex.org/W4379883085","https://openalex.org/W4381785754","https://openalex.org/W4383683014","https://openalex.org/W4383957200","https://openalex.org/W4387454440","https://openalex.org/W4392125426","https://openalex.org/W4393081504","https://openalex.org/W4396665665","https://openalex.org/W4396860778","https://openalex.org/W4399434341","https://openalex.org/W4401164325","https://openalex.org/W4407736624","https://openalex.org/W4410284847","https://openalex.org/W4410852545","https://openalex.org/W4410917833","https://openalex.org/W6676362916","https://openalex.org/W6731133571","https://openalex.org/W6749891819","https://openalex.org/W6783936063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100947578","https://openalex.org/W2161008081","https://openalex.org/W1555832326","https://openalex.org/W4298186509","https://openalex.org/W2556702969","https://openalex.org/W217221262","https://openalex.org/W611030372","https://openalex.org/W1974418053","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spelling":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,43,65,70,94,107],"crucial":[3],"language":[4],"skill,":[5],"yet":[6],"traditional":[7,100],"instruction":[8],"often":[9],"relies":[10],"on":[11,111],"rote":[12],"memorization":[13],"rather":[14],"than":[15],"meaningful":[16],"learning.":[17],"Despite":[18],"various":[19],"approaches":[20],"to":[21,51,174,206,214],"spelling":[22,53,128,150,208],"instruction,":[23],"the":[24,32,89,112,145,155,175,184,199],"potential":[25,200],"of":[26,34,55,106,201],"virtual":[27],"reality":[28],"(VR)":[29],"along":[30],"with":[31,69],"integration":[33],"gamification":[35],"and":[36,93,118,133,139,152,167,180,194],"LLMs,":[37],"remains":[38],"underexplored.":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41,63],"explores":[42],"VR-based,":[44],"gamified":[45,116,203],"approach":[46],"using":[47],"LLM-driven":[48],"adaptive":[49,119],"learning":[50,204],"improve":[52],"acquisition":[54],"English":[56],"color":[57],"words":[58],"among":[59],"young":[60],"learners.":[61],"The":[62,73,102],"employed":[64],"quasi-experimental,":[66],"pre-test-post-test":[67],"design":[68],"control":[71,95,176],"group.":[72,177],"participants":[74],"were":[75,125],"50":[76],"male":[77],"students":[78],"aged":[79],"10,":[80],"divided":[81],"into":[82],"an":[83,122,211],"experimental":[84,156],"group":[85,96,157],"(N=25)":[86,97],"that":[87,98,144],"used":[88],"LLM-enhanced":[90],"VR":[91,103,185],"game":[92,109],"received":[99],"instruction.":[101],"intervention":[104],"consisted":[105],"three-stage":[108],"built":[110],"whole-word":[113],"approach,":[114,147],"featuring":[115],"elements":[117],"feedback":[120],"from":[121],"LLM.":[123],"Data":[124],"collected":[126],"via":[127],"tests":[129],"(pre-test,":[130],"immediate":[131,164],"post-test,":[132],"delayed":[134],"post-test),":[135],"user":[136],"experience":[137,186],"surveys,":[138],"semi-structured":[140],"interviews.":[141],"Results":[142],"showed":[143],"VR-based":[146],"significantly":[148,190],"improved":[149],"performance":[151],"engagement.":[153],"Specifically,":[154],"demonstrated":[158],"substantially":[159],"higher":[160],"scores":[161],"in":[162],"both":[163],"vocabulary":[165],"uptake":[166],"long-term":[168],"retention":[169],"after":[170],"one":[171],"week":[172],"compared":[173],"Furthermore,":[178],"qualitative":[179],"survey":[181],"data":[182],"indicated":[183],"was":[187],"perceived":[188],"as":[189],"more":[191],"interesting,":[192],"effective,":[193],"motivating.":[195],"These":[196],"findings":[197],"highlight":[198],"immersive,":[202],"environments":[205],"enhance":[207],"education,":[209],"offering":[210],"effective":[212],"alternative":[213],"conventional":[215],"methods.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}