{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412713367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590267","title":"An Ontology-Enabled Approach for the Detection of Software Design Smells","display_name":"An Ontology-Enabled Approach for the Detection of Software Design Smells","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412713367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590267","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032596806","display_name":"Sabiyyah Sabir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2460-3925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sabiyyah Sabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2460-3925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072200177","display_name":"Ghulam Rasool","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-0550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Rasool","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-0550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080479079","display_name":"T. Umer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-8142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Umer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-8142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062918876","display_name":"Naoufel Kra\u00efem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-2883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoufel Kraiem","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-2883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056024500","display_name":"Yunyoung Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyoung Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032596806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2598814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"129056","last_page":"129073"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7893518209457397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.5781895518302917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.550039529800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4533500075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.4273766577243805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.3082762658596039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.2246110439300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1923382580280304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7893518209457397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.5781895518302917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.550039529800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4533500075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.4273766577243805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3082762658596039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.2246110439300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1923382580280304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d0d4504cd584cbf913f9024e7037dd4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d0d4504cd584cbf913f9024e7037dd4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 129056-129073 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2270197496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP2/428/46","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530082644","https://openalex.org/W1532283544","https://openalex.org/W1982871693","https://openalex.org/W1997043306","https://openalex.org/W2005568930","https://openalex.org/W2036032825","https://openalex.org/W2040203136","https://openalex.org/W2062137808","https://openalex.org/W2091145531","https://openalex.org/W2092416205","https://openalex.org/W2092590711","https://openalex.org/W2101526741","https://openalex.org/W2102499867","https://openalex.org/W2118100588","https://openalex.org/W2159834252","https://openalex.org/W2310208102","https://openalex.org/W2400451373","https://openalex.org/W2758767286","https://openalex.org/W2780783514","https://openalex.org/W2797210990","https://openalex.org/W2808125227","https://openalex.org/W2894208221","https://openalex.org/W2898203964","https://openalex.org/W2900538539","https://openalex.org/W2903852331","https://openalex.org/W2930064668","https://openalex.org/W2981927728","https://openalex.org/W2992760974","https://openalex.org/W3011352065","https://openalex.org/W3022802760","https://openalex.org/W3040521121","https://openalex.org/W3040562034","https://openalex.org/W3046534770","https://openalex.org/W3082692158","https://openalex.org/W3086703290","https://openalex.org/W3102233117","https://openalex.org/W3134714752","https://openalex.org/W3184596548","https://openalex.org/W3194696687","https://openalex.org/W3200314395","https://openalex.org/W3211813532","https://openalex.org/W4211209992","https://openalex.org/W4212988501","https://openalex.org/W4235945731","https://openalex.org/W4287320244","https://openalex.org/W4288093245","https://openalex.org/W4319309776","https://openalex.org/W4385453508","https://openalex.org/W4386365693","https://openalex.org/W4389224794","https://openalex.org/W6712920666","https://openalex.org/W6769054037","https://openalex.org/W6840451040","https://openalex.org/W6912053170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2476117260","https://openalex.org/W2770531922","https://openalex.org/W1845068655","https://openalex.org/W4321354308","https://openalex.org/W3118244000","https://openalex.org/W2290299503","https://openalex.org/W3029851195","https://openalex.org/W2183585111","https://openalex.org/W2211158793","https://openalex.org/W2046884474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"evolution":[1],"and":[2,18,46,88,99,137,153,174,190,196,216,221,229],"bad":[3],"smells":[4,51,79,114,179],"have":[5],"been":[6],"widely":[7],"studied":[8],"over":[9],"past":[10],"two":[11],"decades,":[12],"occurring":[13],"at":[14,52,80],"architecture,":[15],"design,":[16,152],"implementation,":[17],"requirement":[19],"levels.":[20],"Design":[21,71],"smells,":[22,139],"which":[23],"result":[24],"from":[25],"poor":[26],"software":[27,77,212],"design":[28,50,53,78,82,105,113,123,138,165,168,178,198,232],"or":[29],"violations":[30],"of":[31,70,121,150,177,188,202,218,231],"best":[32],"programming":[33],"practices,":[34],"often":[35],"seep":[36],"into":[37],"the":[38,81,119,147,164,186,227],"implementation":[39,60,182],"stage,":[40],"causing":[41],"hindrances":[42],"for":[43,75,102,134],"writing":[44],"cleaner":[45],"maintainable":[47],"code.":[48,154],"Detecting":[49],"stage":[54],"significantly":[55],"reduces":[56],"their":[57],"proliferation":[58],"to":[59,118,146,181,193,210],"stage.":[61],"This":[62,184],"paper":[63],"introduces":[64],"an":[65],"innovative":[66],"Ontology":[67],"based":[68],"Detection":[69],"Smell":[72],"(ODDS)":[73],"approach":[74,108,204],"detecting":[76,135],"level.":[83],"We":[84],"analyzed":[85],"4,820":[86],"classes":[87],"27,563":[89],"methods":[90],"across":[91],"various":[92],"Java":[93],"projects,":[94,213],"proposing":[95],"new":[96],"design-level":[97],"metrics":[98,133],"axioms":[100],"tailored":[101],"identifying":[103],"10":[104],"smells.":[106,124,199,233],"Our":[107,155],"also":[109],"identified":[110],"that":[111,128],"some":[112],"serve":[115],"as":[116],"precursors":[117],"occurrence":[120],"other":[122],"Unlike":[125],"existing":[126],"approaches":[127],"rely":[129],"on":[130],"source":[131],"code":[132],"architectural":[136],"our":[140,203],"method":[141],"emphasizes":[142],"using":[143],"metrics,":[144],"corresponding":[145],"specific":[148],"level":[149],"granularity\u2014architectural,":[151],"methodology":[156],"facilitates":[157],"research":[158],"community":[159],"by":[160,170],"early":[161],"detection":[162,228],"during":[163],"phase,":[166],"ensures":[167],"consistency":[169],"supporting":[171],"automated":[172],"reasoning,":[173],"reducing":[175],"propagation":[176],"in":[180,225],"phase.":[183],"highlights":[185],"importance":[187],"clear":[189],"understandable":[191],"designs":[192],"facilitate":[194],"refactoring":[195],"minimize":[197],"The":[200],"efficacy":[201],"is":[205],"validated":[206],"through":[207],"its":[208],"application":[209],"open-source":[211],"giving":[214],"precision":[215],"recall":[217],"0.92,":[219],"0.91":[220],"demonstrating":[222],"significant":[223],"potential":[224],"enhancing":[226],"management":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
