{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412713448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590069","title":"Study of Optimal Base Station Deployment for UAM Operations in an Urban Environment Based on a Genetic Algorithm","display_name":"Study of Optimal Base Station Deployment for UAM Operations in an Urban Environment Based on a Genetic Algorithm","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412713448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Minsang Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6654-9772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minsang Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6654-9772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066036738","display_name":"J.K. Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiseok Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6406-182X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bosung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9900-7260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bosung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9900-7260","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112657948","display_name":"Taekyeong Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taekyeong Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8712-5366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052354904","display_name":"Hosung Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-6964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hosung Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-6964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.721,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"127570","last_page":"127579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6935749053955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6538563966751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.6101188659667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5996602773666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.5004897117614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36352840065956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34960150718688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2134685516357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12554597854614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10381695628166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.06801095604896545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6935749053955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6538563966751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6101188659667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5996602773666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5004897117614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36352840065956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34960150718688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2134685516357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12554597854614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10381695628166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.06801095604896545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb4f3a4cee684d13abfbd4c19db4089d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb4f3a4cee684d13abfbd4c19db4089d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 127570-127579 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F2292562827","display_name":"Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W578040255","https://openalex.org/W766008597","https://openalex.org/W1911731270","https://openalex.org/W1977085326","https://openalex.org/W2078927150","https://openalex.org/W2080884841","https://openalex.org/W2119119372","https://openalex.org/W2124530047","https://openalex.org/W2288443270","https://openalex.org/W2288980068","https://openalex.org/W2341475093","https://openalex.org/W2590507931","https://openalex.org/W2790143383","https://openalex.org/W2956998469","https://openalex.org/W2988269388","https://openalex.org/W3006296441","https://openalex.org/W3119934190","https://openalex.org/W3126807025","https://openalex.org/W3191327699","https://openalex.org/W4206793600","https://openalex.org/W4224242670","https://openalex.org/W4224692975","https://openalex.org/W4283740121","https://openalex.org/W4308117757","https://openalex.org/W4311167001","https://openalex.org/W4312161572","https://openalex.org/W4379743950","https://openalex.org/W4382456821","https://openalex.org/W4385657724","https://openalex.org/W4389459365","https://openalex.org/W4392309193","https://openalex.org/W4392387087","https://openalex.org/W4393305546","https://openalex.org/W4402509653","https://openalex.org/W4403332121","https://openalex.org/W4404600172","https://openalex.org/W4404692154","https://openalex.org/W4406457590","https://openalex.org/W4406730763","https://openalex.org/W4407173352","https://openalex.org/W4408791296","https://openalex.org/W6622370087","https://openalex.org/W6677928933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W2081046502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,36],"propose":[4],"a":[5,16,184,229,234],"method":[6,77,112,223],"for":[7,20],"determining":[8],"the":[9,32,48,52,59,62,71,83,88,91,101,105,110,118,132,137,155,175,178,189,219],"optimal":[10,102],"base":[11,106,141,161],"station":[12],"deployment":[13,103,116,138,222],"to":[14,58,81,99,113,227],"establish":[15,228],"stable":[17,230],"communication":[18,231],"environment":[19,232],"urban":[21,27,186],"air":[22],"mobility":[23],"(UAM)":[24],"operation":[25],"in":[26,117,136,183,233],"areas.":[28],"To":[29,173],"realistically":[30],"model":[31],"UAM":[33,119,236],"operating":[34],"environment,":[35,187],"utilize":[37],"DEM":[38],"files":[39],"that":[40,218],"include":[41],"data":[42],"on":[43],"terrain":[44],"and":[45,61,87,194,204,211],"buildings.":[46],"Furthermore,":[47],"radiation":[49],"patterns":[50,65],"of":[51,70,85,90,104,122,139,151,170,177],"BS\u2019s":[53],"antenna":[54,64],"are":[55,66,163,181,206],"generated":[56],"according":[57],"3GPP-standard,":[60],"receiver":[63],"obtained":[67,200],"through":[68],"analysis":[69],"UAM\u2019s":[72],"mounted":[73],"antenna.":[74],"The":[75,196],"proposed":[76,111,220],"uses":[78],"binary":[79],"chromosomes":[80],"determine":[82,100],"locations":[84],"BSs":[86],"orientations":[89],"antennas.":[92],"A":[93],"genetic":[94],"algorithm":[95],"is":[96],"then":[97],"used":[98,226],"stations.":[107],"When":[108],"applying":[109],"optimize":[114],"BS":[115,221],"corridor":[120],"(area":[121],"approximately":[123],"5.4":[124,158],"km<inline-formula":[125],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[126],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[127],"<tex-math":[128],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${}^{\\mathbf":[129],"{2}}$":[130],"</tex-math></inline-formula>),":[131],"optimization":[133],"process":[134],"resulted":[135],"two":[140],"stations":[142,162],"at":[143],"3.5":[144],"GHz,":[145,159],"achieving":[146],"an":[147,166],"average":[148,167],"received":[149,168,197],"power":[150,169,198],"\u221261.36":[152],"dBm":[153],"across":[154],"corridor.":[156,237],"At":[157],"three":[160],"deployed,":[164],"with":[165],"\u221263.74":[171],"dBm.":[172],"validate":[174],"reliability":[176],"simulation,":[179],"measurements":[180],"conducted":[182],"real":[185,235],"comparing":[188],"results":[190,216],"from":[191,201],"measurement,":[192,202],"theory,":[193,203],"simulation.":[195],"values":[199],"simulation":[205],"\u2212110.21":[207],"dBm,":[208,210,213],"\u2212110.82":[209],"\u2212110.38":[212],"respectively.":[214],"These":[215],"demonstrate":[217],"can":[224],"be":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
