{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412713363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590013","title":"Resilient Multimedia Embedding in DICOM Images: A Robustness Evaluation Under Multiple Attacks","display_name":"Resilient Multimedia Embedding in DICOM Images: A Robustness Evaluation Under Multiple Attacks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412713363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590013","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029107828","display_name":"Ramyashree Ramyashree","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ramyashree","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Manipal Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0237-2444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Manipal Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042035613","display_name":"P. S. Venugopala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3903-5986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. S. Venugopala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NMAMIT, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3903-5986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, NMAMIT, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089865209","display_name":"S. Raghavendra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Raghavendra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Manipal Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2733-3916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Manipal Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071557371","display_name":"Vijay Kubihal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-8544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60324483","display_name":"K S Hegde Medical Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02p74z057","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60324483"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay S. Kubihal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiodiagnosis, K S Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-8544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, K S Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60324483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"B. Ashwini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-9628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Ashwini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Engineering, NMAMIT, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-9628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Engineering, NMAMIT, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029107828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0875,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7976149,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"128086","last_page":"128105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dicom","display_name":"DICOM","score":0.9235521554946899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8285485506057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8118631839752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6900485754013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.5047284364700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.453574538230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.36474087834358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3485645651817322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77331912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81095","display_name":"DICOM","level":2,"score":0.9235521554946899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8285485506057739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8118631839752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6900485754013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.5047284364700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.453574538230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.36474087834358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3485645651817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:032fb58ed46c46e5baa78f43f99757bd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/032fb58ed46c46e5baa78f43f99757bd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 128086-128105 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3590013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3590013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972991327","https://openalex.org/W2011544502","https://openalex.org/W2091123984","https://openalex.org/W2107465879","https://openalex.org/W2138497657","https://openalex.org/W2150136328","https://openalex.org/W2158412111","https://openalex.org/W2166933802","https://openalex.org/W2559886833","https://openalex.org/W2563257315","https://openalex.org/W2600387315","https://openalex.org/W2756299736","https://openalex.org/W2772909343","https://openalex.org/W2793868905","https://openalex.org/W2799000474","https://openalex.org/W2806411310","https://openalex.org/W2901940212","https://openalex.org/W2919234133","https://openalex.org/W2964756779","https://openalex.org/W2966558296","https://openalex.org/W2972022273","https://openalex.org/W4312637940","https://openalex.org/W4380357590","https://openalex.org/W4385574985","https://openalex.org/W4388953081","https://openalex.org/W4390984667","https://openalex.org/W4391308032","https://openalex.org/W4391785372","https://openalex.org/W4401329997","https://openalex.org/W4405778809","https://openalex.org/W6680391674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2352944256","https://openalex.org/W2528730528","https://openalex.org/W2358954258","https://openalex.org/W2376146719","https://openalex.org/W2355550873","https://openalex.org/W1513288651","https://openalex.org/W2370879019","https://openalex.org/W1543637057","https://openalex.org/W2351853078","https://openalex.org/W3134175397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"watermarking":[1,253],"in":[2,62,193,208,250,269,324],"medical":[3,252,326],"imaging":[4],"serves":[5],"as":[6,275],"a":[7,91,247],"critical":[8,248],"technique":[9],"for":[10,219,229,321],"ensuring":[11,292],"data":[12,168],"integrity,":[13],"authentication,":[14],"and":[15,33,44,78,105,110,122,179,197,221,280,294,301],"copyright":[16],"protection.":[17],"This":[18,263,304],"study":[19],"explores":[20],"an":[21],"innovative":[22],"approach":[23],"to":[24,54,97,157,202],"embed":[25],"diverse":[26,240],"file":[27,150],"types,":[28,151],"including":[29,101],"text,":[30],"PDF,":[31],"video,":[32],"audio,":[34],"into":[35,176,243],"DICOM":[36,99,244],"images":[37],"using":[38],"the":[39,56,85,88,98,120,125,141,163,166,177,182,237,284,310,313,319],"Least":[40],"Significant":[41],"Bit":[42],"(LSB)":[43],"Discrete":[45],"Cosine":[46],"Transform":[47],"(DCT)":[48],"techniques.":[49],"The":[50,114,131,160,232],"primary":[51],"objective":[52],"is":[53,128,216,226],"evaluate":[55],"performance":[57],"of":[58,64,87,93,116,124,165,172,181,239,312],"these":[59,117],"embedding":[60,238,314],"techniques":[61,315],"terms":[63],"insertion":[65],"time,":[66,68],"extraction":[67,143],"Peak":[69],"Signal-to-Noise":[70],"Ratio":[71],"(PSNR),":[72],"Structural":[73],"Similarity":[74],"Index":[75],"Measure":[76],"(SSIM),":[77],"Mean":[79],"Squared":[80],"Error":[81],"(MSE).":[82],"To":[83],"assess":[84],"robustness":[86,293,311],"embedded":[89,126,167],"data,":[90],"series":[92],"attacks":[94,118,291],"are":[95],"applied":[96],"images,":[100,245],"zero":[102],"attack,":[103,107,109],"salt":[104],"pepper":[106],"Gaussian":[108],"speckle":[111],"noise":[112],"attack.":[113],"impact":[115,155],"on":[119,258],"integrity":[121,295],"retrieval":[123],"files":[127,195,199,210],"meticulously":[129],"analyzed.":[130],"experimental":[132],"analysis":[133,306],"reveals":[134],"that":[135,255],"under":[136],"Speckle":[137,185],"Noise":[138,186],"Attack":[139,187],"(SNA),":[140,188],"character":[142],"accuracy":[144,192],"remains":[145],"relatively":[146],"high":[147],"across":[148],"all":[149],"highlighting":[152],"its":[153],"minimal":[154],"compared":[156,201],"other":[158],"attacks.":[159],"results":[161],"demonstrate":[162],"resilience":[164,288],"against":[169,289],"various":[170,290],"forms":[171],"attacks,":[173],"providing":[174],"insights":[175],"effectiveness":[178],"security":[180],"proposed":[183,233],"method.":[184],"LSB":[189,215],"achieves":[190],"higher":[191],"text":[194,220,259],"(85.76%)":[196],"PDF":[198,222],"(82\u201385%)":[200],"DCT,":[203],"while":[204],"DCT":[205,225],"performs":[206],"better":[207],"audio":[209,230],"with":[211],"86\u201386.5%":[212],"accuracy.":[213],"Overall,":[214],"more":[217,227],"effective":[218],"watermarking,":[223],"whereas":[224],"robust":[228],"files.":[231],"framework":[234],"uniquely":[235],"enables":[236],"multimedia":[241],"content":[242],"addressing":[246],"gap":[249],"existing":[251],"studies":[254],"focus":[256],"mainly":[257],"or":[260],"visual":[261],"data.":[262],"multi-format":[264],"capability":[265],"supports":[266],"hospital":[267],"systems":[268],"securing":[270],"comprehensive":[271,305],"patient":[272],"records":[273],"such":[274],"diagnostic":[276],"notes,":[277],"doctor-patient":[278],"consultations,":[279],"procedural":[281],"videos.":[282],"Furthermore,":[283],"method":[285],"demonstrates":[286],"strong":[287],"validated":[296],"by":[297],"superior":[298],"PSNR,":[299],"SSIM,":[300],"MSE":[302],"metrics.":[303],"not":[307],"only":[308],"validates":[309],"but":[316],"also":[317],"lays":[318],"groundwork":[320],"future":[322],"research":[323],"secure":[325],"image":[327],"processing.":[328]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}