{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412444566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3589206","title":"Analytical Modeling of Forced-Air Cooling Heatsink by Considering Air Temperature Rise in Channel and Coupling of Multiple Heat Sources","display_name":"Analytical Modeling of Forced-Air Cooling Heatsink by Considering Air Temperature Rise in Channel and Coupling of Multiple Heat Sources","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412444566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3589206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3589206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3589206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3589206","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027818454","display_name":"Jianxiong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-4139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianxiong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018382177","display_name":"Kaiyang Bu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyang Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University–University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","Zhejiang University–University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Institute, Haining, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University–University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University–University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Institute, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005267402","display_name":"Ye Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111970","display_name":"Fujian Electric Power Survey & Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0233jyt67","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111970"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Fujian Electric Power Company Ltd., Fuzhou, China","State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd, Electric Power Research Institute, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Fujian Electric Power Company Ltd., Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd, Electric Power Research Institute, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115595928","display_name":"Bowen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3342-1495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yongjun Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-5100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjun Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054770520","display_name":"Bin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2764-1137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Wolei Intelligent Technology Company Ltd., Hangzhou, China","Hangzhou Wolei Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Wolei Intelligent Technology Company Ltd., Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Wolei Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018696545","display_name":"Chushan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9704-2677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chushan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University–University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","Zhejiang University–University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Institute, Haining, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University–University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University–University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Institute, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027818454"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16572627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"128685","last_page":"128699"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11945","display_name":"Heat Transfer Mechanisms","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11945","display_name":"Heat Transfer Mechanisms","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10850","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies","score":0.9476000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-sink","display_name":"Heat sink","score":0.705378532409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.600763738155365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5563743710517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-cooling","display_name":"Air cooling","score":0.4594055712223053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-management-of-electronic-devices-and-systems","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","score":0.4455205798149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.4287119209766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.38519150018692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3659139573574066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24049267172813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.22980821132659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22929126024246216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.21251216530799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1804409623146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1622549295425415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186937647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1796959","display_name":"Heat sink","level":2,"score":0.705378532409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.600763738155365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5563743710517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105873366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208873","display_name":"Air cooling","level":2,"score":0.4594055712223053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114834414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15477170","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","level":2,"score":0.4455205798149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4287119209766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.38519150018692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3659139573574066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24049267172813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.22980821132659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22929126024246216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21251216530799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1804409623146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1622549295425415}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3589206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3589206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49755ec06a59436ab9a8ff70363a0cb1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49755ec06a59436ab9a8ff70363a0cb1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 128685-128699 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3589206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3589206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4431311759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52477200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8897118422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023C01061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","funder_display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939800363","https://openalex.org/W1964782901","https://openalex.org/W1973280035","https://openalex.org/W1997734449","https://openalex.org/W2048212408","https://openalex.org/W2077462273","https://openalex.org/W2146764232","https://openalex.org/W2147688832","https://openalex.org/W2150763729","https://openalex.org/W2163242533","https://openalex.org/W2163928801","https://openalex.org/W2344269163","https://openalex.org/W2485824646","https://openalex.org/W2566096969","https://openalex.org/W2567662956","https://openalex.org/W2801360101","https://openalex.org/W3011584958","https://openalex.org/W3043089362","https://openalex.org/W3156355568","https://openalex.org/W4210324840","https://openalex.org/W4285223127","https://openalex.org/W4285285778","https://openalex.org/W4385255915","https://openalex.org/W4385831035","https://openalex.org/W4400230435","https://openalex.org/W4405908811","https://openalex.org/W4408716320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2901798837","https://openalex.org/W1987161438","https://openalex.org/W2161470416","https://openalex.org/W1978922647","https://openalex.org/W2032367618","https://openalex.org/W2915444481","https://openalex.org/W2312375456","https://openalex.org/W2765890102","https://openalex.org/W2047278393","https://openalex.org/W2497867690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,70],"the":[1,13,43,54,62,81,101,108,142,160,223],"rapid":[2,178],"development":[3],"of":[4,16,46,111,156,184,190,210,229],"renewable":[5],"energy,":[6],"data":[7],"centers,":[8],"and":[9,52,145,173,181,203,232],"new":[10],"energy":[11],"vehicles,":[12],"power":[14,17,24,44,72,75],"density":[15,25,45],"electronic":[18],"converters":[19],"is":[20,39,61,163,195],"continuously":[21],"increasing.":[22],"Higher":[23],"requires":[26],"more":[27],"advanced":[28],"thermal":[29,91,123,147,179,192,236],"dissipation":[30],"system":[31,38,66,186,237],"designs.":[32,187],"Consequently,":[33],"designing":[34],"an":[35,206],"efficient":[36,182,235],"cooling":[37,58,65,86,95,131,185],"crucial":[40],"for":[41,68,93,127,137,177],"improving":[42],"converters.":[47,69],"Due":[48],"to":[49],"its":[50],"simplicity":[51],"efficiency,":[53],"rectangular":[55,128],"extruded-fin":[56,129],"air":[57,130,138],"heat":[59,132,150],"sink":[60],"most":[63],"common":[64],"design":[67],"increasing":[71],"density,":[73],"multiple":[74,230],"devices":[76,231],"are":[77],"often":[78],"arranged":[79],"along":[80,141],"airflow":[82],"path":[83,144],"in":[84,234],"forced-air":[85,94],"systems.":[87],"However,":[88],"existing":[89],"analytical":[90,167],"models":[92],"systems":[96],"typically":[97],"focus":[98],"only":[99],"on":[100,166],"system\u2019s":[102],"maximum":[103,214],"or":[104],"average":[105,207],"temperature,":[106],"neglecting":[107],"temperature":[109,139,154,228],"prediction":[110,208],"each":[112],"individual":[113,157],"device.":[114],"In":[115],"response,":[116],"this":[117,191],"paper":[118],"proposes":[119],"a":[120],"novel":[121],"distributed":[122],"resistance":[124,193],"network":[125,194],"model":[126,135,162,224],"sink.":[133],"The":[134,188],"accounts":[136],"rise":[140],"flow":[143],"includes":[146],"coupling":[148],"between":[149],"sources,":[151],"enabling":[152],"accurate":[153],"estimation":[155],"devices.":[158],"Furthermore,":[159],"proposed":[161],"primarily":[164],"based":[165],"formulations,":[168],"which":[169],"ensures":[170],"fast":[171],"computation":[172],"makes":[174],"it":[175],"well-suited":[176],"evaluation":[180],"optimization":[183],"accuracy":[189],"verified":[196],"through":[197],"computational":[198],"fluid":[199],"dynamics":[200],"(CFD)":[201],"simulations":[202],"experiments,":[204],"with":[205],"error":[209,215],"less":[211,216],"than":[212,217],"6%,":[213],"14%.":[218],"These":[219],"results":[220],"demonstrate":[221],"that":[222],"can":[225],"accurately":[226],"predicted":[227],"assist":[233],"design.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}