{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412404143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588913","title":"System-Level Assessment of Shaped Elevation Beam Patterns for Hybrid Beamforming in mm-Wave 5G Networks With Spatially Heterogeneous Traffic","display_name":"System-Level Assessment of Shaped Elevation Beam Patterns for Hybrid Beamforming in mm-Wave 5G Networks With Spatially Heterogeneous Traffic","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412404143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588913"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3588913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588913","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070913597","display_name":"Wenxu Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics, Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1260-7632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics, Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017408860","display_name":"Yanki Aslan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6834-8375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanki Aslan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics, Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6834-8375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics, Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024815668","display_name":"Remco Litjens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5423-5292"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Remco Litjens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Networks, TNO, The Hague, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5423-5292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Networks, TNO, The Hague, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110695516","display_name":"Alexander Yarovoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4777-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Yarovoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics, Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics, Microwave Sensing, Signals and Systems Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5352,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68087376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"125933","last_page":"125943"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7207294702529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.6870430111885071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4605829119682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4256884753704071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2659940719604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.261859655380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24087029695510864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7207294702529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.6870430111885071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4605829119682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4256884753704071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2659940719604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.261859655380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24087029695510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3588913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oai-pmh.tno.nl:74060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.tno.nl/uuid:5ddc1cf9-5083-4235-9363-28b58a07ff04","pdf_url":"https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34644846/zmppXH8X/chen-2025-system.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055233","display_name":"TNO Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 13, pp. 125933-125943.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c2f09b8960c4d12b7cc96b60588a930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c2f09b8960c4d12b7cc96b60588a930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 125933-125943 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3588913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1993272352","https://openalex.org/W2100198930","https://openalex.org/W2125977229","https://openalex.org/W2154251747","https://openalex.org/W2160971672","https://openalex.org/W2320624816","https://openalex.org/W2541411346","https://openalex.org/W2616147462","https://openalex.org/W2624494617","https://openalex.org/W2991158299","https://openalex.org/W2995352668","https://openalex.org/W3011828357","https://openalex.org/W3034601960","https://openalex.org/W3035436457","https://openalex.org/W3082830436","https://openalex.org/W3093567099","https://openalex.org/W3103543019","https://openalex.org/W3108274533","https://openalex.org/W3167559865","https://openalex.org/W3178081691","https://openalex.org/W3197986982","https://openalex.org/W4206700475","https://openalex.org/W4213066952","https://openalex.org/W4214908639","https://openalex.org/W4220942378","https://openalex.org/W4225680886","https://openalex.org/W4230066573","https://openalex.org/W4246064949","https://openalex.org/W4248288458","https://openalex.org/W4292972149","https://openalex.org/W4317419739","https://openalex.org/W4318602862","https://openalex.org/W4389934638","https://openalex.org/W6740862414","https://openalex.org/W6797996757","https://openalex.org/W6987532540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W4391913857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,56,76],"throughput":[1,109],"performance":[2,168],"of":[3,84,87,101,132],"intelligently":[4],"shaped":[5,60],"and":[6,36,39,41,49,58,110,144],"fixed":[7],"analog":[8],"elevation":[9,160],"beam":[10,61,69,161],"patterns":[11,62],"in":[12,82,105,114],"millimeter-wave":[13],"(mm-wave)":[14],"base":[15],"stations":[16],"with":[17,47,52,71,98,159],"hybrid":[18],"beamforming":[19],"(HBF)":[20],"is":[21,94],"assessed":[22],"for":[23],"the":[24,66,91,95,106,115,122,125,135,146,152,155,172],"first":[25],"time.":[26],"Distinct":[27],"spatially":[28],"heterogeneous":[29],"user":[30,88,118,137],"distributions":[31],"(i.e.,":[32,44],"uniform,":[33],"near-site,":[34],"cell-edge,":[35],"weighted":[37],"uniform":[38,136],"near-site)":[40],"propagation":[42],"environments":[43],"line-of-sight":[45],"(LoS)":[46],"multipath":[48],"non-line-of-sight":[50],"(NLoS)":[51],"multipath)":[53],"are":[54,63],"considered.":[55],"cosecant-squared":[57,92],"flat-top":[59,147],"compared":[64,120,170],"to":[65,103,112,121,141,171],"benchmark":[67,173],"pencil":[68],"pattern":[70,93,148,162],"a":[72,99,129],"straightforward":[73],"electrical":[74],"downtilt.":[75],"LoS":[77],"simulation":[78],"results":[79],"show":[80],"that":[81],"case":[83,127],"unknown":[85],"weight":[86],"distribution":[89,138],"scenarios,":[90],"most":[96],"robust,":[97],"gain":[100],"up":[102,111],"16%":[104],"average":[107],"system":[108],"34%":[113],"90th":[116],"percentile":[117],"throughout":[119],"benchmark.":[123],"If":[124],"near-site":[126],"has":[128],"greater":[130],"probability":[131],"occurrence":[133],"than":[134],"(e.g.,":[139],"due":[140],"daily":[142],"events":[143],"festivals),":[145],"becomes":[149],"preferable.":[150],"In":[151],"NLoS":[153],"scenario,":[154],"considered":[156],"HBF":[157],"architectures":[158],"shaping":[163],"do":[164],"not":[165],"bring":[166],"any":[167],"disadvantages":[169],"HBF.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}