{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412352840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588113","title":"Perceptual Carlini-Wagner Attack: A Robust and Imperceptible Adversarial Attack Using LPIPS","display_name":"Perceptual Carlini-Wagner Attack: A Robust and Imperceptible Adversarial Attack Using LPIPS","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412352840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3588113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588113","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liming Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6917-6382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liming Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6917-6382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065170715","display_name":"Anis Salwa Mohd Khairuddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-4779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anis Salwa Mohd Khairuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-4779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023510385","display_name":"H.L. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0559-5552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haichuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0559-5552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060450772","display_name":"Khairunnisa Hasikin\u202c","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-3820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khairunnisa Binti Hasikin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-3820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.7588,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87406407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"129185","last_page":"129194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7962497472763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7408621311187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5884464383125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.498262882232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48365887999534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.46968749165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3833842873573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12590324878692627}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7962497472763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7408621311187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5884464383125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.498262882232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48365887999534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.46968749165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3833842873573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12590324878692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3588113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3a96e9bbe5e54493817ddd4fe7d30ef1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3a96e9bbe5e54493817ddd4fe7d30ef1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 129185-129194 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3588113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3588113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2640329709","https://openalex.org/W2955566917","https://openalex.org/W2962700793","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2962878175","https://openalex.org/W2963268689","https://openalex.org/W2963366334","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W3034412497","https://openalex.org/W3131402030","https://openalex.org/W3177096435","https://openalex.org/W4225928697","https://openalex.org/W4312469934","https://openalex.org/W4380371063","https://openalex.org/W4385484601","https://openalex.org/W4389251979","https://openalex.org/W4390872822","https://openalex.org/W4391326512","https://openalex.org/W4391952619","https://openalex.org/W4403003132","https://openalex.org/W4403422358","https://openalex.org/W4403600703","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6745272055","https://openalex.org/W6759058519","https://openalex.org/W6779628750","https://openalex.org/W6780973103","https://openalex.org/W6791106756","https://openalex.org/W6852244834"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adversarial":[0],"attacks":[1],"on":[2,95],"deep":[3],"neural":[4],"networks":[5],"(DNNs)":[6],"present":[7],"significant":[8],"challenges":[9],"by":[10,127],"exploiting":[11],"model":[12,197],"vulnerabilities":[13],"using":[14,28,107],"perturbations":[15,27],"that":[16,77,172],"are":[17,78],"often":[18],"imperceptible":[19],"to":[20,121,202,214],"human":[21,37],"observers.":[22],"Traditional":[23],"approaches":[24],"typically":[25],"constrain":[26],"<italic":[29,67],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[30,68],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">p</i>-norms,":[31],"which":[32,50],"do":[33],"not":[34,207],"effectively":[35],"capture":[36],"perceptual":[38,203],"similarity.":[39],"In":[40,133],"this":[41,185],"work,":[42],"we":[43,161,190],"propose":[44],"the":[45,52,61,89,96,128,192,217],"Perceptual":[46,54],"Carlini-Wagner":[47],"(PCW)":[48],"attack,":[49],"integrates":[51],"Learned":[53],"Image":[55],"Patch":[56],"Similarity":[57],"(LPIPS)":[58],"metric":[59],"into":[60],"adversarial":[62,75,104],"optimization":[63],"process.":[64],"By":[65],"replacing":[66],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">p</i>-norm":[69],"constraints":[70],"with":[71,211],"LPIPS,":[72],"PCW":[73,94,108,137,163,195],"generates":[74],"examples":[76,105],"both":[79],"highly":[80],"effective":[81],"at":[82],"inducing":[83],"misclassification":[84],"and":[85,99,130,150,155,157,170,182],"visually":[86],"indistinguishable":[87],"from":[88,116,168],"original":[90,218],"images.":[91],"We":[92],"evaluate":[93],"CIFAR-10,":[97],"CIFAR-100,":[98],"ImageNet":[100],"datasets.":[101],"On":[102],"ImageNet,":[103],"crafted":[106],"achieve":[109],"an":[110],"LPIPS":[111,123,200],"distance":[112],"of":[113,135,194,216],"only":[114],"0.0002":[115],"clean":[117],"images,":[118],"in":[119,184],"contrast":[120],"0.3":[122],"for":[124],"those":[125,215],"produced":[126],"CW":[129,154,181,219],"PGD":[131,183],"attacks.":[132],"terms":[134],"robustness,":[136],"shows":[138],"superior":[139],"performance":[140],"under":[141],"common":[142],"image":[143],"processing":[144],"defenses":[145],"such":[146],"as":[147],"JPEG":[148],"compression":[149],"bit-depth":[151],"reduction,":[152],"outperforming":[153,180],"SSAH":[156],"rivaling":[158],"PGD.":[159],"Additionally,":[160],"test":[162],"against":[164],"adversarially":[165],"trained":[166],"models":[167],"RobustBench":[169],"find":[171],"it":[173,205],"maintains":[174],"high":[175],"attack":[176],"success":[177],"rates,":[178],"significantly":[179,208],"more":[186],"challenging":[187],"setting.":[188],"Finally,":[189],"assess":[191],"transferability":[193],"across":[196],"architectures.":[198],"While":[199],"contributes":[201],"alignment,":[204],"does":[206],"improve":[209],"transferability,":[210],"results":[212],"comparable":[213],"attack.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}