{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412107050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854","title":"Maximum Torque per Ampere Control of PMSMs Using Real-Time Numerical Optimization","display_name":"Maximum Torque per Ampere Control of PMSMs Using Real-Time Numerical Optimization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412107050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111554833","display_name":"Yong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083328635","display_name":"Mou Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min-Yi Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002390986","display_name":"Wen-Jie Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4609-5901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Jie Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102862722","display_name":"Yunchong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7100-9705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunchong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069986645","display_name":"Jian\u2010Xin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-8894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian-Xin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111554833"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.9163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95242991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"118611","last_page":"118624"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11749","display_name":"Iterative Learning Control Systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11749","display_name":"Iterative Learning Control Systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10504","display_name":"Sensorless Control of Electric Motors","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ampere","display_name":"Ampere","score":0.8139195442199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.663133978843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6328781843185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5454497933387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.42131999135017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2286493182182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21282926201820374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1336638331413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1117834746837616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.09160539507865906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4941483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25272","display_name":"Ampere","level":3,"score":0.8139195442199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.663133978843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6328781843185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5454497933387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.42131999135017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2286493182182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21282926201820374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1336638331413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1117834746837616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.09160539507865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8bf0f8c695b64dc1a0857cfff928bdf1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8bf0f8c695b64dc1a0857cfff928bdf1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 118611-118624 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3802781507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022C01097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338247","funder_display_name":"Moonshot Research and Development Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338247","display_name":"Moonshot Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606726654","https://openalex.org/W1995665808","https://openalex.org/W2005482822","https://openalex.org/W2020804487","https://openalex.org/W2026079951","https://openalex.org/W2040156374","https://openalex.org/W2100084738","https://openalex.org/W2106934982","https://openalex.org/W2108671454","https://openalex.org/W2320515816","https://openalex.org/W2563780463","https://openalex.org/W2592864266","https://openalex.org/W2734733230","https://openalex.org/W2763173523","https://openalex.org/W2795532366","https://openalex.org/W2804216583","https://openalex.org/W2898133134","https://openalex.org/W2921611113","https://openalex.org/W2921745025","https://openalex.org/W2977435692","https://openalex.org/W2994209038","https://openalex.org/W3003791095","https://openalex.org/W3093848567","https://openalex.org/W3094508695","https://openalex.org/W3116031279","https://openalex.org/W3127460974","https://openalex.org/W3129163120","https://openalex.org/W3130523473","https://openalex.org/W3209761312","https://openalex.org/W4284894633","https://openalex.org/W4285287828","https://openalex.org/W4301014524","https://openalex.org/W4310475691","https://openalex.org/W4312219065","https://openalex.org/W4312599547","https://openalex.org/W4323020808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2044063698","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W3022303337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,54,131,144,151,184],"novel":[4],"online":[5,111,115,203],"maximum":[6],"torque":[7,39,174],"per":[8],"ampere":[9],"(MTPA)":[10],"control":[11,40,95,153,190],"method":[12,50,86,108],"for":[13,60,72,100,134,187,207],"permanent":[14],"magnet":[15],"synchronous":[16],"motors":[17],"(PMSMs),":[18],"addressing":[19],"nonlinearities":[20],"such":[21,124],"as":[22,53,125,183],"magnetic":[23],"saturation":[24],"and":[25,76,94,114,127,140,150,205],"cross-coupling":[26],"effects.":[27],"A":[28],"flux":[29],"linkage":[30],"based":[31],"nonlinear":[32],"PMSM":[33,136,148],"model":[34],"is":[35,51,64],"developed":[36],"to":[37,119,201],"improve":[38],"under":[41],"dynamic":[42,135],"conditions.":[43],"The":[44],"proposed":[45,84,160],"gradient":[46],"projection":[47],"descent":[48],"(GPD)":[49],"introduced":[52],"computationally":[55],"efficient":[56],"solution":[57,186],"specifically":[58],"tailored":[59],"real-time":[61,167],"applications.":[62,137],"It":[63],"evaluated":[65],"alongside":[66],"the":[67,83,107,156,159,179],"Levenberg-Marquardt":[68],"algorithm":[69],"(LMA),":[70],"renowned":[71],"its":[73],"high":[74],"accuracy":[75],"rapid":[77],"convergence.":[78],"Compared":[79],"with":[80,103,197],"LMA":[81],"method,":[82],"GPD":[85,165,182],"achieves":[87],"an":[88],"optimal":[89],"balance":[90],"between":[91],"computational":[92],"efficiency":[93],"accuracy,":[96],"making":[97],"it":[98],"suitable":[99],"embedded":[101,195],"systems":[102],"limited":[104],"resources.":[105],"Notably,":[106],"can":[109],"support":[110],"experimental":[112,141],"characterization":[113,204],"parameter":[116],"estimation":[117,206],"techniques":[118],"capture":[120],"real":[121],"operating":[122],"conditions,":[123],"temperature":[126],"load":[128],"variations,":[129],"providing":[130],"significant":[132],"advantage":[133],"Extensive":[138],"simulations":[139],"validations":[142],"using":[143],"1.3":[145],"kW":[146],"interior":[147],"prototype":[149],"TMS320F28375S":[152],"platform":[154],"demonstrate":[155,163],"effectiveness":[157],"of":[158,173,181],"methods.":[161],"Results":[162],"that":[164],"ensures":[166],"feasibility":[168],"while":[169],"maintaining":[170],"acceptable":[171],"levels":[172],"accuracy.":[175],"These":[176],"findings":[177],"highlight":[178],"potential":[180],"practical":[185],"high-performance":[188],"motor":[189],"applications,":[191],"especially":[192],"in":[193],"resource-limited":[194],"systems,":[196],"future":[198],"work":[199],"planned":[200],"explore":[202],"enhanced":[208],"adaptability.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}