{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412081794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586619","title":"A Lightweight Method for Detecting Bearing Surface Defects Based on Deep Learning and Ontological Reasoning","display_name":"A Lightweight Method for Detecting Bearing Surface Defects Based on Deep Learning and Ontological Reasoning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412081794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586619","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022965299","display_name":"Xiaolin Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7022-7882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898894","display_name":"Liaoning University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ay23762","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7022-7882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haisong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4598-1024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898894","display_name":"Liaoning University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ay23762","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haisong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4598-1024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Han Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7347-865X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898894","display_name":"Liaoning University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ay23762","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7347-865X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9331-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898894","display_name":"Liaoning University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ay23762","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9331-9322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111362572","display_name":"Xinshuo Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898894","display_name":"Liaoning University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ay23762","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinshuo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023065228","display_name":"Fan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5243-843X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022965299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898894"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21865409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"117210","last_page":"117223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9174000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9174000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7084435224533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bearing","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","score":0.6077840924263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5867968797683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5466386675834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.4454383850097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3200564384460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10898324847221375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7084435224533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199978012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273815","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.6077840924263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5867968797683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5466386675834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4454383850097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3200564384460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10898324847221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:68146bb6ceef412e95fece2d0021fedf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/68146bb6ceef412e95fece2d0021fedf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 117210-117223 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7424852594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JYTMS20230840","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338110","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7459320067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LJKMZ20220983","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338110","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338110","display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/05yj3y977"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995441256","https://openalex.org/W2013363909","https://openalex.org/W2016242097","https://openalex.org/W2027176154","https://openalex.org/W2040749219","https://openalex.org/W2048692651","https://openalex.org/W2149378485","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2489494902","https://openalex.org/W2743659722","https://openalex.org/W2905386532","https://openalex.org/W2970012586","https://openalex.org/W2990027271","https://openalex.org/W3034421924","https://openalex.org/W3035414587","https://openalex.org/W3201719066","https://openalex.org/W3209713683","https://openalex.org/W4200053442","https://openalex.org/W4213415533","https://openalex.org/W4225815954","https://openalex.org/W4283214237","https://openalex.org/W4283711080","https://openalex.org/W4284969145","https://openalex.org/W4306939321","https://openalex.org/W4307718364","https://openalex.org/W4308399182","https://openalex.org/W4320491106","https://openalex.org/W4322733148","https://openalex.org/W4327559126","https://openalex.org/W4386220223","https://openalex.org/W4395448108","https://openalex.org/W6761855798"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W3086377361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bearing":[0],"as":[1,114],"a":[2,88,140,201,306],"critical":[3],"component":[4],"of":[5,11,20,27,40,47,51,59,77,82,98,196,204,239,257,269,302,313],"machinery":[6],"and":[7,18,38,54,71,105,128,177,191,266,274,277,320,327],"equipment,":[8],"its":[9],"state":[10],"health":[12],"directly":[13],"affects":[14],"the":[15,21,24,35,41,45,48,52,55,60,75,80,83,93,96,99,115,119,125,129,135,157,166,171,188,193,232,240,261,267,288,300,310],"operating":[16],"efficiency":[17],"security":[19],"equipment.":[22],"Therefore,":[23],"quality":[25],"control":[26],"bearings":[28],"must":[29],"be":[30,223],"very":[31],"strict.":[32],"Aiming":[33],"at":[34],"different":[36],"sizes":[37],"textures":[39],"defect":[42,246,325],"types":[43],"on":[44,65,79,95,102,218],"surface":[46,81,97,198],"outer":[49],"ring":[50],"bearing,":[53,84],"fact":[56],"that":[57,231],"most":[58],"target":[61],"detection":[62,76],"algorithms":[63],"relying":[64],"deep":[66,103],"learning":[67,104],"show":[68,230],"low":[69,72],"speed":[70],"precision":[73],"in":[74,248],"defects":[78,94,206,221],"this":[85,109,249],"paper":[86,250],"presents":[87],"lightweight":[89,158],"method":[90],"for":[91,244,309,323],"detecting":[92],"bearing":[100,197,205,220,245,324],"based":[101],"ontological":[106,211,293],"reasoning.":[107],"In":[108],"paper,":[110],"YOLOv5s":[111,263],"is":[112,122,132,207,251,254,284,296],"chosen":[113],"baseline":[116],"model.":[117,264],"First,":[118],"dynamic":[120],"convolution":[121],"fused":[123],"with":[124,292],"Ghost":[126],"module":[127,142],"combined":[130],"structure":[131],"embedded":[133],"into":[134],"C3":[136],"module,":[137,146],"thus":[138],"constructing":[139],"new":[141],"named":[143],"C3-GhostDynamicConv":[144],"(C3-GDConv)":[145],"which":[147,253,304,330],"achieves":[148],"network":[149,168],"lightweighting":[150],"while":[151,286],"maintaining":[152],"efficient":[153,194,319],"computation.":[154,178],"Secondly,":[155],"adding":[156,180],"attention":[159],"mechanism":[160],"SGE":[161],"(Spatial":[162],"Group-wise":[163],"Enhancement)":[164],"to":[165,173,214,260,298],"neck":[167],"almost":[169],"eliminates":[170],"need":[172],"add":[174],"additional":[175],"parameters":[176,270],"Without":[179],"significant":[181],"computational":[182],"burden,":[183],"it":[184,295],"can":[185,222],"significantly":[186],"enhance":[187],"model\u2019s":[189],"performance":[190],"realize":[192],"identification":[195],"defects.":[199],"Finally,":[200],"knowledge":[202],"ontology":[203],"constructed":[208],"by":[209,272],"combining":[210],"reasoning":[212,216],"techniques":[213],"give":[215],"results":[217,229],"whether":[219],"repaired":[224],"or":[225],"not.":[226],"The":[227,281],"experimental":[228],"frame":[233],"rate":[234],"per":[235],"second":[236],"(FPS)":[237],"value":[238],"improved":[241],"model":[242,289],"GDS-YOLOv5s":[243],"recognition":[247,282],"130,":[252],"an":[255,318],"improvement":[256],"11%":[258],"compared":[259],"original":[262],"GFLOPs":[265],"number":[268],"decreased":[271],"7%":[273],"10%":[275],"respectively,":[276],"mAP@0.5":[278],"reached":[279],"92.4%.":[280],"accuracy":[283],"ensured":[285],"keeping":[287],"lightweight.":[290],"Combined":[291],"reasoning,":[294],"able":[297],"determine":[299],"repairability":[301],"defects,":[303],"provides":[305],"reliable":[307],"basis":[308],"maintenance":[311],"decision":[312],"bearings.":[314],"This":[315],"study":[316],"offers":[317],"intelligent":[321],"scheme":[322],"inspection":[326],"subsequent":[328],"processes,":[329],"has":[331],"important":[332],"engineering":[333],"application":[334],"value.":[335]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}