{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412081788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586508","title":"Social Compliance With NPIs, Mobility Patterns, and Reproduction Number: Lessons From COVID-19 in Europe","display_name":"Social Compliance With NPIs, Mobility Patterns, and Reproduction Number: Lessons From COVID-19 in Europe","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412081788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586508","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070365563","display_name":"Daniele Baccega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7331-8634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55143463","display_name":"University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/048tbm396","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Baccega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7331-8634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042045106","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Aguilar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-6882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203303854","display_name":"University of the Andes","ror":"https://ror.org/02h1b1x27","country_code":"VE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203303854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES","VE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Aguilar","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEMISID, Universidad de Los Andes, M&#x00E9;rida, Venezuela","IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEMISID, Universidad de Los Andes, M&#x00E9;rida, Venezuela","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203303854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048230428","display_name":"Carlos Baquero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-6850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Baquero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-6850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014057564","display_name":"Antonio Fern\u00e1ndez Anta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6501-2377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Fern\u00e1ndez Anta","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6501-2377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090211271","display_name":"Juan Marcos Ram\u00edrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0000-1073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Marcos Ramirez","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0000-1073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070365563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1853,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77874387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"134357","last_page":"134375"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11959","display_name":"Employment and Welfare Studies","score":0.9474999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproduction","display_name":"Reproduction","score":0.5595110058784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5002868175506592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.43481236696243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4230990409851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.20412677526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16704994440078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1637827754020691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.09273800253868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0767519474029541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.5595110058784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5002868175506592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43481236696243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4230990409851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.20412677526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16704994440078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1637827754020691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.09273800253868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0767519474029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e664660176d74bc7bf31a06f0e805aca","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e664660176d74bc7bf31a06f0e805aca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 134357-134375 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3586508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3586508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W2162870748","https://openalex.org/W2166481425","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2386192529","https://openalex.org/W2747599906","https://openalex.org/W3015265261","https://openalex.org/W3036173398","https://openalex.org/W3038795538","https://openalex.org/W3039225830","https://openalex.org/W3041333867","https://openalex.org/W3041777142","https://openalex.org/W3046950965","https://openalex.org/W3088139267","https://openalex.org/W3108918495","https://openalex.org/W3110435694","https://openalex.org/W3112658803","https://openalex.org/W3112993446","https://openalex.org/W3116362583","https://openalex.org/W3124607975","https://openalex.org/W3132732596","https://openalex.org/W3135257712","https://openalex.org/W3153945248","https://openalex.org/W3155863049","https://openalex.org/W3161114805","https://openalex.org/W3164758053","https://openalex.org/W3171195076","https://openalex.org/W3178903072","https://openalex.org/W3185059154","https://openalex.org/W3186063679","https://openalex.org/W3186590477","https://openalex.org/W3189595867","https://openalex.org/W3193670825","https://openalex.org/W3208260897","https://openalex.org/W3216263771","https://openalex.org/W4200160087","https://openalex.org/W4200438203","https://openalex.org/W4200476967","https://openalex.org/W4220733871","https://openalex.org/W4220909614","https://openalex.org/W4229977739","https://openalex.org/W4249811038","https://openalex.org/W4286593299","https://openalex.org/W4292554450","https://openalex.org/W4297461354","https://openalex.org/W4299959846","https://openalex.org/W4309042676","https://openalex.org/W4313378324","https://openalex.org/W4316813157","https://openalex.org/W4366588964","https://openalex.org/W4391596962","https://openalex.org/W4399343612","https://openalex.org/W4401688045","https://openalex.org/W6777548552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2410395228","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3125941065","https://openalex.org/W4205698903","https://openalex.org/W4400613637","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-pharmaceutical":[0],"interventions":[1,206],"(NPIs),":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,30,162],"lockdowns,":[5],"travel":[6],"restrictions,":[7,178],"and":[8,42,66,114,131,148,154,180,204],"social":[9,86,115],"distancing":[10],"mandates,":[11],"play":[12],"a":[13,31,126],"critical":[14],"role":[15],"in":[16,85,103,164],"controlling":[17],"the":[18,37,43,110,135,144,158,175,185],"spread":[19,182],"of":[20,112,138,177],"infectious":[21],"diseases":[22],"by":[23],"shaping":[24],"human":[25],"mobility":[26,62,132,147,165],"patterns.":[27],"Using":[28],"COVID-19":[29],"case":[32],"study,":[33],"this":[34],"research":[35],"investigates":[36],"relationships":[38],"between":[39,129,146],"NPIs,":[40],"mobility,":[41,73,179],"effective":[44],"reproduction":[45],"number":[46],"(R<sub":[47],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[48,69,150],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">t</sub>)":[49],"across":[50],"13":[51],"European":[52,89],"countries.":[53],"We":[54],"employ":[55],"XGBoost":[56],"regression":[57],"models":[58],"to":[59,94,105,168,190,207],"estimate":[60],"missing":[61,67],"data":[63],"from":[64,72],"NPIs":[65,95,130],"R<sub":[68,149],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">t</sub>":[70,151],"values":[71],"achieving":[74],"high":[75],"accuracy.":[76],"Additionally,":[77],"using":[78],"clustering":[79],"techniques,":[80],"we":[81],"uncover":[82],"national":[83],"distinctions":[84],"compliance.":[87],"Northern":[88],"countries":[90],"demonstrate":[91],"higher":[92],"adherence":[93],"than":[96],"Southern":[97],"Europe,":[98],"which":[99],"exhibits":[100],"more":[101,155],"variability":[102],"response":[104],"restrictions.":[106],"These":[107,172],"differences":[108],"highlight":[109],"influence":[111,169],"cultural":[113,209],"norms":[116],"on":[117,140],"public":[118,201],"health":[119,202,213],"outcomes.":[120],"In":[121],"general,":[122],"our":[123],"analysis":[124],"reveals":[125],"strong":[127],"correlation":[128],"reductions,":[133],"highlighting":[134],"immediate":[136],"impact":[137],"restrictions":[139],"population":[141],"movement.":[142],"However,":[143],"relationship":[145],"is":[152],"weaker":[153],"nuanced,":[156],"reflecting":[157],"time":[159,167],"delays":[160],"involved,":[161],"changes":[163],"take":[166],"transmission":[170],"rates.":[171],"results":[173],"underscore":[174],"interdependence":[176],"disease":[181],"while":[183],"demonstrating":[184],"potential":[186],"for":[187,199],"data-driven":[188],"approaches":[189],"guide":[191],"policy":[192],"decisions.":[193],"Our":[194],"approach":[195],"offers":[196],"valuable":[197],"insights":[198],"optimizing":[200],"strategies":[203],"tailoring":[205],"diverse":[208],"contexts":[210],"during":[211],"future":[212],"crises.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}