{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411725579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583759","title":"Meticulous Thought Defender: Fine-Grained Chain-of-Thought (CoT) for Detecting Prompt Injection Attacks of Large Language Models","display_name":"Meticulous Thought Defender: Fine-Grained Chain-of-Thought (CoT) for Detecting Prompt Injection Attacks of Large Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411725579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583759"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583759","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044070390","display_name":"Lijuan Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7013-4541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153335","display_name":"China Telecom","ror":"https://ror.org/05p67dv18","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijuan Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7013-4541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246","https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000096364","display_name":"Yajing Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4071-7880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153335","display_name":"China Telecom","ror":"https://ror.org/05p67dv18","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yajing Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4071-7880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246","https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066864248","display_name":"Jie Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153335","display_name":"China Telecom","ror":"https://ror.org/05p67dv18","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246","https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056666001","display_name":"Xinchi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2456-7928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153335","display_name":"China Telecom","ror":"https://ror.org/05p67dv18","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinchi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246","https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101650654","display_name":"Mingchuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9057-9710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136246","display_name":"China Telecom (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgnzt20","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153335","display_name":"China Telecom","ror":"https://ror.org/05p67dv18","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingchuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136246","https://openalex.org/I4387153335"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.5212,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9623755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"113194","last_page":"113207"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.968500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6730525493621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.4599667191505432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3874807357788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.34819847345352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08440247178077698}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6730525493621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4599667191505432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3874807357788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34819847345352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08440247178077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4c475fc36c54c1cbf2133b545aa880f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4c475fc36c54c1cbf2133b545aa880f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 113194-113207 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3094152627","https://openalex.org/W3122890974","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4287633642","https://openalex.org/W4380353722","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386436506","https://openalex.org/W4388926080","https://openalex.org/W4391591467","https://openalex.org/W4393145569","https://openalex.org/W4399801327","https://openalex.org/W4400024680","https://openalex.org/W4402667093","https://openalex.org/W4404649409","https://openalex.org/W4405765781","https://openalex.org/W4406779522","https://openalex.org/W6779068807","https://openalex.org/W6846120675","https://openalex.org/W6853021992","https://openalex.org/W6853465110","https://openalex.org/W6853490811","https://openalex.org/W6856096788","https://openalex.org/W6856125725","https://openalex.org/W6859061281","https://openalex.org/W6861737864","https://openalex.org/W6863013207","https://openalex.org/W6869527840","https://openalex.org/W6870500787","https://openalex.org/W6871194898","https://openalex.org/W6873560983","https://openalex.org/W6873796612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,11],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"exhibited":[5],"exceptional":[6],"capabilities":[7,140],"across":[8],"various":[9],"natural":[10],"processing":[12],"tasks,":[13],"however,":[14],"they":[15],"remain":[16],"susceptible":[17],"to":[18,32,38,96],"prompt":[19,103],"injection":[20],"attacks,":[21],"which":[22],"pose":[23],"significant":[24,116],"security":[25,156],"challenges.":[26],"Traditional":[27],"detection":[28,57,81,139],"methods":[29],"often":[30],"fail":[31],"effectively":[33],"identify":[34],"such":[35],"attacks":[36],"due":[37],"their":[39],"reliance":[40],"on":[41,169],"static":[42],"rules":[43],"or":[44],"surface-level":[45],"analysis.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"study,":[49],"we":[50],"introduce":[51],"a":[52,163],"novel,":[53],"fine-grained":[54],"CoT":[55],"based":[56],"framework":[58,165],"that":[59,108],"enhances":[60],"the":[61,70,155],"interpretability":[62],"and":[63,90,93,120,130,135,145],"robustness":[64],"of":[65,74,157],"attack":[66,174],"identification.":[67],"By":[68],"dissecting":[69],"step-by-step":[71],"reasoning":[72],"process":[73],"LLMs,":[75],"our":[76,109],"approach":[77],"leverages":[78],"multidimensional":[79],"anomaly":[80],"mechanisms-encompassing":[82],"semantic":[83],"analysis,":[84],"consistency":[85],"evaluations":[86],"at":[87],"both":[88],"step":[89],"path":[91],"levels,":[92],"confidence":[94],"estimations":[95],"uncover":[97],"subtle":[98],"disruptions":[99],"caused":[100],"by":[101,126,141],"malicious":[102],"manipulations.":[104],"Experimental":[105],"results":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"method":[110,125],"achieves":[111],"superior":[112],"performance":[113],"metrics,":[114],"with":[115],"improvements":[117],"in":[118,128,132,143,147],"accuracy":[119,129,144],"F1":[121,133,148],"score,":[122,134],"outperforming":[123],"traditional":[124],"1.16%":[127],"3.39%":[131],"surpassing":[136],"LLMs\u2019":[137,158],"intrinsic":[138],"6.24%":[142],"7.65%":[146],"score.":[149],"This":[150],"work":[151],"not":[152],"only":[153],"fortifies":[154],"applications":[159],"but":[160],"also":[161],"provides":[162],"foundational":[164],"for":[166],"future":[167],"research":[168],"adaptive":[170],"defenses":[171],"against":[172],"evolving":[173],"strategies.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}