{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411688039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583591","title":"Innamark: A Whitespace Replacement Information-Hiding Method","display_name":"Innamark: A Whitespace Replacement Information-Hiding Method","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411688039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583591","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066670841","display_name":"Malte Hellmeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-662X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163630","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/058kjq542","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malte Hellmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer ISST, Dortmund, Germany","Fraunhofer ISST, Speicherstr. 6, Dortmund, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer ISST, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer ISST, Speicherstr. 6, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042295226","display_name":"Henryk Norkowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0972-1925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151828","display_name":"Management Institut Bochum (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzfbe56","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151828"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hendrik Norkowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Montsecure GmbH, Bochum, Germany","Montsecure GmbH, Universitaetsstr. 136, Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montsecure GmbH, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151828"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montsecure GmbH, Universitaetsstr. 136, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116335771","display_name":"Ernst-Christoph Schrewe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9582-713X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163630","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/058kjq542","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernst-Christoph Schrewe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer ISST, Dortmund, Germany","Fraunhofer ISST, Speicherstr. 6, Dortmund, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer ISST, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer ISST, Speicherstr. 6, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062222639","display_name":"Haydar Qarawlus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3248-1163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163630","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/058kjq542","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haydar Qarawlus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer ISST, Dortmund, Germany","Fraunhofer ISST, Speicherstr. 6, Dortmund, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer ISST, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer ISST, Speicherstr. 6, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037058130","display_name":"Falk Howar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-4459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163630","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/058kjq542","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Falk Howar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer ISST, Dortmund, Germany","Fraunhofer ISST, Speicherstr. 6, Dortmund, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer ISST, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer ISST, Speicherstr. 6, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066670841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163630"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.2508,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92060479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"123120","last_page":"123135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.41780000925064087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.41780000925064087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8531599044799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.5402493476867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.32472100853919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3218182921409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2228565216064453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8531599044799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.5402493476867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.32472100853919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3218182921409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2228565216064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:209c1b61268e47d6a5deb93763713977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/209c1b61268e47d6a5deb93763713977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 123120-123135 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/489332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/489332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321773","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078924106","https://openalex.org/W2099278641","https://openalex.org/W2124890704","https://openalex.org/W2159214640","https://openalex.org/W2159390040","https://openalex.org/W2518688495","https://openalex.org/W2542025225","https://openalex.org/W2588990876","https://openalex.org/W2765501876","https://openalex.org/W2792365891","https://openalex.org/W2803028604","https://openalex.org/W2888048838","https://openalex.org/W2890733587","https://openalex.org/W2893556909","https://openalex.org/W2925460276","https://openalex.org/W2960225463","https://openalex.org/W2969578521","https://openalex.org/W2975029834","https://openalex.org/W2997999392","https://openalex.org/W3158429528","https://openalex.org/W3185788529","https://openalex.org/W3208204043","https://openalex.org/W3214106073","https://openalex.org/W4229596932","https://openalex.org/W4247353742","https://openalex.org/W4281987425","https://openalex.org/W4283778491","https://openalex.org/W4309567719","https://openalex.org/W4313347126","https://openalex.org/W4388427111","https://openalex.org/W4391216747","https://openalex.org/W4391538104","https://openalex.org/W4392192575","https://openalex.org/W4399294869","https://openalex.org/W4399556753","https://openalex.org/W4400978076","https://openalex.org/W4401632008","https://openalex.org/W4402351366","https://openalex.org/W4403680773","https://openalex.org/W6601696544","https://openalex.org/W6683232084","https://openalex.org/W6761753950","https://openalex.org/W6848955896","https://openalex.org/W6853921302","https://openalex.org/W6877003325","https://openalex.org/W7065161819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2170577885","https://openalex.org/W4398199422","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2351909370","https://openalex.org/W2187037044","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"gained":[5],"significant":[6],"popularity":[7],"in":[8,44,193,223],"recent":[9],"years.":[10],"Differentiating":[11],"between":[12],"a":[13,17,45,78,93,103,115,119,152,172],"text":[14,43,142],"written":[15],"by":[16,22,39,114],"human":[18],"and":[19,118,164,196,212,217],"one":[20],"generated":[21],"an":[23],"LLM":[24],"has":[25],"become":[26],"almost":[27],"impossible.":[28],"Information-hiding":[29],"techniques":[30],"such":[31,56],"as":[32,57,102],"digital":[33],"watermarking":[34],"or":[35,59,65],"steganography":[36],"can":[37,87],"help":[38],"embedding":[40,210],"information":[41,82],"inside":[42],"form":[46],"that":[47,158],"is":[48,100,112],"unlikely":[49],"to":[50,69,202,208],"be":[51,67,221],"noticed.":[52],"However,":[53],"existing":[54],"techniques,":[55],"linguistic-based":[58],"format-based":[60],"methods,":[61],"change":[62],"the":[63,107,137,140,145,186,197,206,209,215],"semantics":[64,138],"cannot":[66],"applied":[68],"pure,":[70],"unformatted":[71],"text.":[72,97],"In":[73],"this":[74],"paper,":[75],"we":[76,150],"introduce":[77],"novel":[79],"method":[80,99,192],"for":[81,155],"hiding":[83],"called":[84],"Innamark,":[85],"which":[86,111],"conceal":[88],"any":[89],"byte-encoded":[90],"sequence":[91],"within":[92],"sufficiently":[94],"long":[95],"cover":[96,141],"This":[98],"implemented":[101],"multi-platform":[104],"library":[105],"using":[106],"Kotlin":[108],"programming":[109],"language,":[110],"accompanied":[113],"command-line":[116],"tool":[117],"web":[120],"interface.":[121],"By":[122],"substituting":[123],"conventional":[124],"whitespace":[125,131],"characters":[126],"with":[127],"visually":[128],"similar":[129],"Unicode":[130],"characters,":[132],"our":[133,189],"proposed":[134,190],"scheme":[135],"preserves":[136],"of":[139,147,174,188,199,214],"without":[143],"changing":[144],"number":[146],"characters.":[148],"Furthermore,":[149],"propose":[151],"specified":[153],"structure":[154],"secret":[156],"messages":[157],"enables":[159],"configurable":[160],"compression,":[161],"encryption,":[162],"hashing,":[163],"error":[165],"correction.":[166],"An":[167],"experimental":[168],"benchmark":[169],"comparison":[170],"on":[171],"dataset":[173],"1":[175],"000":[176,177],"Wikipedia":[178],"articles":[179],"compares":[180],"ten":[181],"algorithms.":[182],"The":[183],"results":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"robustness":[187,213],"Innamark":[191],"various":[194],"applications":[195],"imperceptibility":[198],"its":[200],"watermarks":[201],"humans.":[203],"We":[204],"discuss":[205],"limits":[207],"capacity":[211],"algorithm":[216],"how":[218],"these":[219],"could":[220],"addressed":[222],"future":[224],"work.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}