{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411639969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583263","title":"Detection of Valvular Heart Diseases From PCG Signals Using Machine and Deep Learning Models: A Review","display_name":"Detection of Valvular Heart Diseases From PCG Signals Using Machine and Deep Learning Models: A Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411639969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583263","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100699312","display_name":"A. Kannan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68695296","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala","ror":"https://ror.org/02w9cdh50","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68695296"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayappasamy Kannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Sensors &#x0026; Systems Lab, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Digital University Kerala (IIITM Kerala), Trivandrum, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-3020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Sensors &#x0026; Systems Lab, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Digital University Kerala (IIITM Kerala), Trivandrum, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68695296"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030603016","display_name":"Manob Jyoti Saikia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-4333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090800","display_name":"Sensors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00b4mz884","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090800"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manob Jyoti Saikia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Sensors &#x0026; Systems Lab, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","Biomedical Sensors &#x0026; Systems Lab, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-4333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Sensors &#x0026; Systems Lab, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Sensors &#x0026; Systems Lab, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018","https://openalex.org/I4210090800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009942043","display_name":"Sushant Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8289-7194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushant Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India","Center for Mechatronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8289-7194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Mechatronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062784800","display_name":"Sumit Datta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-8184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68695296","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala","ror":"https://ror.org/02w9cdh50","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68695296"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumit Datta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Digital University Kerala (IIITM Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram, India","School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Digital University Kerala (IIITM Kerala), Trivandrum, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-8184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Digital University Kerala (IIITM Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68695296"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Systems and Automation, Digital University Kerala (IIITM Kerala), Trivandrum, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68695296"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.0728,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98037516,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"110344","last_page":"110364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12979","display_name":"Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12979","display_name":"Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.699201226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5346372127532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48011040687561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34126216173171997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.699201226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5346372127532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48011040687561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34126216173171997}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e405ae33b1fc48e7849d2e0e7f4106db","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e405ae33b1fc48e7849d2e0e7f4106db","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 110344-110364 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3583263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3583263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":182,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49716549","https://openalex.org/W1022507185","https://openalex.org/W1501556024","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1968963366","https://openalex.org/W1992825771","https://openalex.org/W1995819996","https://openalex.org/W2001374944","https://openalex.org/W2018158463","https://openalex.org/W2018922145","https://openalex.org/W2026417758","https://openalex.org/W2026561239","https://openalex.org/W2028558462","https://openalex.org/W2039031643","https://openalex.org/W2058165543","https://openalex.org/W2060776545","https://openalex.org/W2079879762","https://openalex.org/W2091904085","https://openalex.org/W2102741279","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2135412352","https://openalex.org/W2137837503","https://openalex.org/W2143755314","https://openalex.org/W2147259799","https://openalex.org/W2156095312","https://openalex.org/W2160423852","https://openalex.org/W2163518096","https://openalex.org/W2166385084","https://openalex.org/W2172357768","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2215619316","https://openalex.org/W2296988146","https://openalex.org/W2300926123","https://openalex.org/W2301158262","https://openalex.org/W2342504937","https://openalex.org/W2390709341","https://openalex.org/W2474329025","https://openalex.org/W2536938921","https://openalex.org/W2592026307","https://openalex.org/W2602063239","https://openalex.org/W2607377556","https://openalex.org/W2612528668","https://openalex.org/W2616927165","https://openalex.org/W2619925232","https://openalex.org/W2740616720","https://openalex.org/W2746044242","https://openalex.org/W2765698362","https://openalex.org/W2770039576","https://openalex.org/W2789524143","https://openalex.org/W2804483946","https://openalex.org/W2805713564","https://openalex.org/W2806437495","https://openalex.org/W2847046955","https://openalex.org/W2891328462","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2891923969","https://openalex.org/W2901976219","https://openalex.org/W2906028509","https://openalex.org/W2908379478","https://openalex.org/W2911420178","https://openalex.org/W2923484908","https://openalex.org/W2936007697","https://openalex.org/W2944090083","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W2951248525","https://openalex.org/W2953418056","https://openalex.org/W2965318968","https://openalex.org/W2966020092","https://openalex.org/W2966145183","https://openalex.org/W2976869736","https://openalex.org/W2979158918","https://openalex.org/W2981505513","https://openalex.org/W2993118585","https://openalex.org/W2996624033","https://openalex.org/W2996880394","https://openalex.org/W2997768296","https://openalex.org/W3001215021","https://openalex.org/W3004025693","https://openalex.org/W3011712617","https://openalex.org/W3011929259","https://openalex.org/W3013170635","https://openalex.org/W3023766412","https://openalex.org/W3034476452","https://openalex.org/W3035159033","https://openalex.org/W3039053306","https://openalex.org/W3039983345","https://openalex.org/W3042565136","https://openalex.org/W3055801575","https://openalex.org/W3068004770","https://openalex.org/W3082166846","https://openalex.org/W3082273512","https://openalex.org/W3082319384","https://openalex.org/W3089440707","https://openalex.org/W3099751546","https://openalex.org/W3108711884","https://openalex.org/W3110765623","https://openalex.org/W3116043906","https://openalex.org/W3116715673","https://openalex.org/W3119536276","https://openalex.org/W3120723148","https://openalex.org/W3122189984","https://openalex.org/W3129343518","https://openalex.org/W3133140430","https://openalex.org/W3135849576","https://openalex.org/W3142026135","https://openalex.org/W3145881934","https://openalex.org/W3162241632","https://openalex.org/W3165504692","https://openalex.org/W3174716000","https://openalex.org/W3177781640","https://openalex.org/W3191193899","https://openalex.org/W3196974791","https://openalex.org/W3203766254","https://openalex.org/W3214024265","https://openalex.org/W4200018893","https://openalex.org/W4200245502","https://openalex.org/W4200333355","https://openalex.org/W4206766697","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4214829249","https://openalex.org/W4220937605","https://openalex.org/W4221082332","https://openalex.org/W4224018389","https://openalex.org/W4225726585","https://openalex.org/W4225888087","https://openalex.org/W4282914967","https://openalex.org/W4285820988","https://openalex.org/W4292387363","https://openalex.org/W4292608019","https://openalex.org/W4294287015","https://openalex.org/W4310699663","https://openalex.org/W4313034275","https://openalex.org/W4316371746","https://openalex.org/W4317795306","https://openalex.org/W4319461978","https://openalex.org/W4320005445","https://openalex.org/W4322501948","https://openalex.org/W4322753871","https://openalex.org/W4327814179","https://openalex.org/W4365506069","https://openalex.org/W4365807692","https://openalex.org/W4367277061","https://openalex.org/W4375928947","https://openalex.org/W4376131153","https://openalex.org/W4380763559","https://openalex.org/W4384927715","https://openalex.org/W4385284281","https://openalex.org/W4385880831","https://openalex.org/W4386025973","https://openalex.org/W4387197159","https://openalex.org/W4387197161","https://openalex.org/W4387643088","https://openalex.org/W4388240310","https://openalex.org/W4388336701","https://openalex.org/W4389721835","https://openalex.org/W4390204212","https://openalex.org/W4390660407","https://openalex.org/W4390905493","https://openalex.org/W4391019685","https://openalex.org/W4392305591","https://openalex.org/W4392399434","https://openalex.org/W4392449560","https://openalex.org/W4392901681","https://openalex.org/W4392940976","https://openalex.org/W4395670360","https://openalex.org/W4400877127","https://openalex.org/W4401706966","https://openalex.org/W6602551001","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6639635065","https://openalex.org/W6687269245","https://openalex.org/W6734076412","https://openalex.org/W6734269609","https://openalex.org/W6734298547","https://openalex.org/W6734306856","https://openalex.org/W6734766660","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6747395325","https://openalex.org/W6753795921","https://openalex.org/W6783568640","https://openalex.org/W6794160016","https://openalex.org/W6794263336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3082895349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"predictions":[3],"are":[4,150],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,67,79,125,139,174],"address":[8],"challenges":[9],"in":[10,30,99,153,205],"the":[11,107,117,135,151,206,213],"heart":[12,25,46,147],"health":[13],"sector,":[14],"such":[15,90,105,192],"as":[16,91,101,103,106,193],"providing":[17],"clinical":[18],"decision":[19],"support.":[20],"Early":[21],"detection":[22,169],"of":[23,71,119,146,167,177,184],"valvular":[24],"disease":[26,47,149],"(VHD)":[27],"is":[28],"effective":[29],"reducing":[31],"critical":[32],"cardiac":[33],"problems":[34],"and":[35,58,78,97,114,144,157,188,199,217],"sudden":[36],"death.":[37],"This":[38,63],"review":[39,128],"proposes":[40],"investigating":[41],"methods":[42],"for":[43],"automatically":[44],"diagnosing":[45],"from":[48,137],"phonocardiogram":[49],"(PCG)":[50],"signals":[51],"using":[52],"various":[53,214],"advanced":[54,175,215],"Machine":[55],"Learning":[56,60],"(ML)":[57],"Deep":[59],"(DL)":[61],"models.":[62],"study":[64],"also":[65],"aimed":[66],"provide":[68],"an":[69],"overview":[70],"ongoing":[72],"research":[73,88,132],"on":[74,116,212],"PCG":[75,121,178],"signal":[76,179],"processing":[77],"pinpoint":[80],"areas":[81],"that":[82],"warrant":[83],"additional":[84],"investigation.":[85],"Several":[86],"Scopus-indexed":[87],"forums,":[89],"IEEE,":[92],"Science":[93],"Direct,":[94],"Frontiers,":[95],"MDPI,":[96],"Computing":[98],"Cardiology,":[100],"well":[102],"databases":[104],"Michigan":[108],"Heart":[109],"Sound":[110],"Library":[111],"(MHSL),":[112],"Github,":[113],"Physio-Net":[115],"classification":[118],"AI-related":[120],"signals,":[122],"were":[123,161],"considered":[124],"construct":[126],"this":[127],"with":[129],"199":[130],"relevant":[131],"articles":[133],"covering":[134],"period":[136],"2016":[138],"2024.":[140],"The":[141,165],"early":[142],"diagnosis":[143],"prediction":[145],"valve":[148],"domains":[152],"which":[154],"machine":[155],"learning":[156,159],"deep":[158],"models":[160],"most":[162],"commonly":[163],"used.":[164,219],"performance":[166],"earlier":[168],"has":[170],"increased":[171],"significantly":[172],"according":[173],"techniques":[176,216],"classification.":[180],"A":[181],"limited":[182],"number":[183],"studies":[185],"have":[186],"compared":[187],"analyzed":[189],"categorization":[190],"measures":[191],"F":[194],"score,":[195],"sensitivity,":[196],"accuracy,":[197],"precision,":[198],"specificity.":[200],"However,":[201],"a":[202],"mean":[203],"increase":[204],"predicted":[207],"accuracy":[208],"was":[209],"observed,":[210],"depending":[211],"classifiers":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
