{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411599732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582754","title":"Underdiagnosis Bias Mitigation With Expert Foundation Model\u2019s Representation","display_name":"Underdiagnosis Bias Mitigation With Expert Foundation Model\u2019s Representation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411599732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3582754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582754","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118612864","display_name":"Gebreyowhans H. Bahre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gebreyowhans H. Bahre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6169-6114","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118612865","display_name":"Hassan Hamidi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Hamidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036976741","display_name":"Andrew Sellergren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5260-8013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew B. Sellergren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Health, Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Health, Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103054845","display_name":"Alessandro Quarta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-2466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Quarta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","Department of Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-2466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031401755","display_name":"Leo Anthony Celi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-6626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Anthony Celi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034672297","display_name":"Francesco Calimeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-0834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Calimeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","Department of Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-0834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics &#x0026; Computer Science, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004971542","display_name":"Laleh Seyyed-Kalantari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-7125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laleh Seyyed-Kalantari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-7125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6688,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71435437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"109946","last_page":"109959"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13693","display_name":"Smart Systems and Machine Learning","score":0.26750001311302185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13693","display_name":"Smart Systems and Machine Learning","score":0.26750001311302185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.2459000051021576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13748","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Modeling Techniques","score":0.23010000586509705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.6683803200721741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6293438076972961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5189823508262634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1023859977722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08676043152809143}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.6683803200721741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6293438076972961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5189823508262634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1023859977722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08676043152809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3582754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c6b3798ee8834e499818dcf5e32495fa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c6b3798ee8834e499818dcf5e32495fa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 109946-109959 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3582754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4594042400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326644","funder_display_name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","display_name":"Ministero della Salute","ror":"https://ror.org/00789fa95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326644","display_name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2901954625","https://openalex.org/W2921584162","https://openalex.org/W2962843773","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W3081540375","https://openalex.org/W3089347471","https://openalex.org/W3110181119","https://openalex.org/W3136873846","https://openalex.org/W3198184352","https://openalex.org/W3204111848","https://openalex.org/W4200191097","https://openalex.org/W4280519765","https://openalex.org/W4282965457","https://openalex.org/W4285794963","https://openalex.org/W4378347868","https://openalex.org/W4384070440","https://openalex.org/W4385365799","https://openalex.org/W4385573131","https://openalex.org/W4386624058","https://openalex.org/W4387097385","https://openalex.org/W4389129382","https://openalex.org/W4391069663","https://openalex.org/W4400126525","https://openalex.org/W4401750695","https://openalex.org/W4403270711","https://openalex.org/W4405717938","https://openalex.org/W4406864562","https://openalex.org/W6726497184","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6746693533","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6810395592","https://openalex.org/W6840600132","https://openalex.org/W6845767997","https://openalex.org/W6850370512","https://openalex.org/W6851456269","https://openalex.org/W6858506896","https://openalex.org/W6922910690"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2381393187","https://openalex.org/W2332779545","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2358060160","https://openalex.org/W2035483685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vector":[0],"embeddings":[1],"(VEmb)":[2],"are":[3],"compact":[4],"data":[5,23],"representations":[6],"learned":[7],"by":[8],"large":[9,41,48],"foundation":[10,122,212],"models":[11,213],"that":[12,141],"have":[13],"recently":[14],"gained":[15],"popularity;":[16],"their":[17],"use":[18,116],"in":[19,112,208,223],"place":[20],"of":[21,40,43,64,81,117,134,177,193,210,230],"original":[22],"requires":[24],"less":[25],"storage":[26],"and":[27,90,109,128,154,185],"computational":[28,35],"power,":[29],"making":[30],"them":[31],"ideal":[32],"for":[33],"low-resource":[34],"settings.":[36],"Nevertheless,":[37],"the":[38,62,78,156,165,191,227],"compression":[39],"amounts":[42],"data,":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46,71,103,162],"a":[47,52,169,174,221],"medical":[49,135,178],"image,":[50],"into":[51],"low-dimensional":[53],"VEmb":[54,89,118,166,195,209],"might":[55],"weaken":[56],"critical":[57],"disease":[58,84,182],"information,":[59],"potentially":[60],"increasing":[61],"risk":[63,66],"underdiagnosis":[65,79,152,157,187,224],"-i.e.":[67],"unhealthy":[68,101],"patients":[69,102],"flagged":[70],"healthy.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74],"work,":[75],"we":[76,202],"evaluate":[77],"bias":[80],"Chest":[82],"X-ray":[83,121],"classifiers":[85],"based":[86],"on":[87,126,131,148,173,198],"both":[88],"image-based":[91,216],"models.":[92,217],"Underdiagnosis":[93],"occurs":[94],"when":[95],"an":[96],"AI":[97],"model":[98,123,171],"incorrectly":[99],"classifies":[100],"healthy,":[104],"leading":[105],"to":[106,215,234],"missed":[107],"diagnoses":[108],"potential":[110,228],"delays":[111],"treatment.":[113],"We":[114],"make":[115],"from":[119,167],"Google\u2019s":[120],"(trained":[124,130],"exclusively":[125],"X-rays)":[127],"BiomedCLIP":[129],"various":[132],"types":[133],"imaging":[136],"data).":[137],"Our":[138],"findings":[139],"show":[140],"theexpertGoogle":[142],"VEmb-based":[143],"model,":[144],"highly":[145],"finetuned":[146],"solely":[147],"chest":[149],"X-rays,":[150],"reduces":[151],"rates,":[153],"narrows":[155],"rate":[158],"gap":[159],"across":[160],"subpopulations":[161],"well.":[163],"Conversely,":[164],"BiomedCLIP,":[168],"non-expert":[170],"trained":[172,197],"diverse":[175],"range":[176],"images,":[179],"exhibits":[180],"lower":[181],"classification":[183],"performance":[184],"higher":[186],"rates.":[188],"This":[189,218],"underscores":[190],"importance":[192],"obtaining":[194],"fromexpertmodels":[196],"domain-specific":[199],"data.":[200],"Furthermore,":[201],"observed":[203],"reduced":[204],"demographic":[205,232],"signal":[206],"detection":[207],"expert":[211],"compared":[214],"aligns":[219],"with":[220],"decrease":[222],"bias,":[225],"emphasizing":[226],"benefits":[229],"minimizing":[231],"signals":[233],"achieve":[235],"fairer":[236],"outcomes.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-06-25T00:00:00"}
