{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411550956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582070","title":"Grid Forming Inverters for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations to Enhance Distribution Grid Resilience","display_name":"Grid Forming Inverters for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations to Enhance Distribution Grid Resilience","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411550956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3582070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582070","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061801525","display_name":"Stefano Barsali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-9018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Barsali","raw_affiliation_strings":["DESTEC Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DESTEC Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019656483","display_name":"Radu Bojoi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-5862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radu Bojoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-5862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036634841","display_name":"Massimo Ceraolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-1789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Ceraolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DESTEC Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-1789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DESTEC Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083843892","display_name":"Vincenzo Mallemaci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1920-7872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Mallemaci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1920-7872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044502337","display_name":"Fabio Mandrile","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-8078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Mandrile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-8078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051001934","display_name":"Susanna Mocci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7739-0527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanna Mocci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7739-0527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005915219","display_name":"Gianluca Pasini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-2713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Pasini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DESTEC Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-2713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DESTEC Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061801525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.482,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95952238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"109687","last_page":"109700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.7297506332397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6348541975021362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-grid","display_name":"Distribution grid","score":0.5865591764450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.5088236927986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4453304708003998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4437101185321808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.35987675189971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3241727352142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2814914584159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15790888667106628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.14956051111221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.11466997861862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08857351541519165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.7297506332397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6348541975021362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986219281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844861","display_name":"Distribution grid","level":3,"score":0.5865591764450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5088236927986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4453304708003998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4437101185321808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.35987675189971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3241727352142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2814914584159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15790888667106628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.14956051111221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.11466997861862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08857351541519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3582070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee5d350076a0469cba275f64e8ed1684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee5d350076a0469cba275f64e8ed1684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 109687-109700 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/452986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11048586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3582070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3582070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523664651","https://openalex.org/W2042270135","https://openalex.org/W2163501722","https://openalex.org/W2265248459","https://openalex.org/W2610794370","https://openalex.org/W2797108583","https://openalex.org/W2803883327","https://openalex.org/W2899419825","https://openalex.org/W2973818296","https://openalex.org/W3026164453","https://openalex.org/W3089516421","https://openalex.org/W3105860145","https://openalex.org/W3123775503","https://openalex.org/W3124140701","https://openalex.org/W3154122279","https://openalex.org/W3199945910","https://openalex.org/W4233539615","https://openalex.org/W4323852635","https://openalex.org/W4393355076","https://openalex.org/W4406277277","https://openalex.org/W4407196301","https://openalex.org/W4408100222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2571827127","https://openalex.org/W3125878227","https://openalex.org/W4385671734","https://openalex.org/W2120892143","https://openalex.org/W2162365590","https://openalex.org/W2471049804","https://openalex.org/W4401687856","https://openalex.org/W4235565215","https://openalex.org/W945513603","https://openalex.org/W2795407815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,145,229],"increasing":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,41,45,68,132,153,173,210,231],"renewable":[4],"energy":[5,143,196],"sources":[6],"and":[7,25,49,86,109,124,157],"electric":[8,236],"vehicles":[9,156,203,237],"is":[10,180,242],"reshaping":[11],"distribution":[12,63],"networks,":[13],"calling":[14],"for":[15,204],"advanced":[16],"control":[17,147],"strategies":[18,97],"to":[19,28,30,60,92,100,104,191,222,224,238,258],"maintain":[20,31],"power":[21,154,178],"system":[22],"quality,":[23],"stability":[24,32],"resilience,":[26],"intended":[27],"capacity":[29],"after":[33,112],"severe":[34],"perturbations.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"investigates":[38],"the":[39,130,158,171,208,245],"application":[40],"grid-forming":[42],"(GFM)":[43],"controls,":[44],"two":[46],"types:":[47],"droop":[48],"virtual":[50],"synchronous":[51],"machine,":[52],"within":[53],"high-power":[54],"EV":[55],"charging":[56,134,201,217,234],"stations":[57],"(HPCS)":[58],"connected":[59],"medium":[61],"voltage":[62],"grids.":[64],"Through":[65],"detailed":[66],"simulation":[67],"five":[69],"representative":[70],"case":[71],"studies,":[72],"our":[73],"results":[74],"show":[75],"that":[76,247],"GFM":[77,96],"converters":[78],"can":[79,186],"sustain":[80],"isolated":[81],"grids,":[82],"support":[83,239],"black-start":[84],"procedures,":[85],"provide":[87],"voltage/frequency":[88],"regulation.":[89],"Notably,":[90],"compared":[91],"traditional":[93],"grid-following":[94],"inverters,":[95],"enable":[98],"HPCS":[99],"enhance":[101,225],"grid":[102,220,240],"resilience":[103],"faults":[105],"(short":[106],"circuits":[107],"considered)":[108],"also":[110,168,190],"recovery":[111],"blackouts.":[113],"All":[114],"models":[115],"are":[116],"released":[117],"as":[118,136],"open-source":[119],"Modelica":[120],"code,":[121],"enabling":[122],"reproducibility":[123],"further":[125],"research.":[126],"These":[127],"findings":[128],"highlight":[129],"potential":[131],"leveraging":[133],"infrastructure":[135,212],"a":[137,254],"flexible,":[138],"grid-supportive":[139],"resource":[140],"in":[141,170,187,214],"future":[142,233],"systems.":[144],"considered":[146],"actions":[148],"may":[149],"require":[150],"bi-directional":[151],"exchange":[152],"between":[155],"grid,":[159],"usually":[160],"called":[161],"V2G":[162],"(vehicle-to-grid)":[163],"control.":[164],"However,":[165],"interesting":[166],"opportunities":[167],"exist":[169],"context":[172],"V1G":[174],"(Smart":[175],"Charging),":[176],"where":[177],"flow":[179],"unidirectional":[181],"but":[182,199],"still":[183],"controllable.":[184],"They":[185],"principle":[188],"used":[189],"interface":[192],"grid-connected":[193],"independent":[194],"battery":[195,235],"storage":[197],"systems,":[198],"using":[200,232],"battery-electric":[202],"this":[205,248],"purpose":[206],"has":[207,250],"advantage":[209],"exploiting":[211],"already":[213],"place":[215],"(the":[216],"station),":[218],"adding":[219],"services":[221,241],"it,":[223],"its":[226],"economic":[227],"competitiveness.":[228],"importance":[230],"confirmed":[243],"by":[244,253],"fact":[246],"study":[249],"been":[251],"funded":[252],"research":[255],"project":[256],"devoted":[257],"this.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-09T15:46:55.921056","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}