{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411472195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581957","title":"Fully Quantized Matrix Arithmetic-Only BERT Model and Its FPGA-Based Accelerator","display_name":"Fully Quantized Matrix Arithmetic-Only BERT Model and Its FPGA-Based Accelerator","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411472195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581957","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004321250","display_name":"Hiroshi Fuketa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-6679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Fuketa","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-6679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029330869","display_name":"Toshihiro Katashita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-6564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshihiro Katashita","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007901214","display_name":"Yohei Hori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-6090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yohei Hori","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049602728","display_name":"Masakazu Hioki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-9252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masakazu Hioki","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5641-9252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12092257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"107165","last_page":"107174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9671000242233276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6964831352233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6724056005477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.49761250615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4848652780056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4144097566604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.22755616903305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15450426936149597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6964831352233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6724056005477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.49761250615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4848652780056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4144097566604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.22755616903305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15450426936149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:74718dc831064ca49e27abd86353b924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/74718dc831064ca49e27abd86353b924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 107165-107174 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2405920868","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W3034457371","https://openalex.org/W3098576111","https://openalex.org/W3105966348","https://openalex.org/W3118290385","https://openalex.org/W3130240120","https://openalex.org/W3155487259","https://openalex.org/W3173374050","https://openalex.org/W3184454880","https://openalex.org/W4383890107","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387212331","https://openalex.org/W4389162736","https://openalex.org/W4400944582","https://openalex.org/W4406783634","https://openalex.org/W4409282453","https://openalex.org/W6714058667","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6768851824","https://openalex.org/W6780724485","https://openalex.org/W6788001715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2210979487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,53],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,121],"propose":[4],"a":[5,105],"fully":[6,78],"quantized":[7],"matrix":[8,36,87,101,143],"arithmetic-only":[9],"BERT":[10,22,178],"(FQ":[11],"MA-BERT)":[12],"model":[13,23,59,76,95,128],"to":[14,65,152],"enable":[15],"efficient":[16],"natural":[17],"language":[18],"processing.":[19],"Conventionally,":[20],"the":[21,55,74,93,113,116,126,147,161,166],"relies":[24],"on":[25,129],"floating":[26],"point":[27],"arithmetic":[28,88,102],"for":[29,125,149],"inference":[30],"and":[31,45,63,69],"requires":[32],"not":[33],"only":[34,138],"linear":[35,100],"multiplication":[37,144],"but":[38],"also":[39],"nonlinear":[40,82,154],"functions,":[41,47],"such":[42],"as":[43],"softmax":[44],"normalization":[46],"which":[48],"significantly":[49],"increase":[50],"hardware":[51,109,162],"costs.":[52],"contrast,":[54],"proposed":[56,75,94,117,127,135,167],"FQ":[57,118],"MA-BERT":[58,119],"quantizes":[60],"all":[61,81],"activations":[62],"weights":[64],"8-bit":[66],"integer":[67],"precision":[68],"ternary":[70],"precision,":[71],"respectively,":[72],"i.e.,":[73],"is":[77,169],"quantized.":[79],"Moreover,":[80],"layers":[83],"are":[84],"replaced":[85],"with":[86],"operations.":[89],"This":[90],"means":[91],"that":[92,160,174],"consists":[96],"solely":[97],"of":[98,115,141,165,175],"integer-precision":[99,142],"operations,":[103],"allowing":[104],"significant":[106],"reduction":[107],"in":[108],"resources.":[110],"To":[111],"validate":[112],"hardware-friendliness":[114],"model,":[120],"implement":[122],"an":[123],"accelerator":[124,136,168],"AMD":[130],"Zynq":[131],"Ultrascale+":[132],"FPGA.":[133],"The":[134,156],"comprises":[137],"two":[139],"types":[140],"units":[145],"without":[146],"need":[148],"specialized":[150],"circuits":[151],"perform":[153],"functions.":[155],"implementation":[157],"results":[158],"show":[159],"resource":[163],"efficiency":[164],"1.8":[170],"times":[171],"higher":[172],"than":[173],"conventional":[176],"FPGA-based":[177],"accelerators.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}