{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411406312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581136","title":"A Survey of Post-Hoc XAI Methods From a Visualization Perspective: Challenges and Opportunities","display_name":"A Survey of Post-Hoc XAI Methods From a Visualization Perspective: Challenges and Opportunities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411406312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581136","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007740024","display_name":"Deepshikha Bhati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0115-6026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepshikha Bhati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0115-6026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074158275","display_name":"Md Amiruzzaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2292-5798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161171246","display_name":"West Chester University","ror":"https://ror.org/0053n5071","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161171246"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MD Amiruzzaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2292-5798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161171246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102759669","display_name":"Ye Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3877-0943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3877-0943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050882663","display_name":"Angela Guercio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2971-9783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Guercio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tram Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6679-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tram Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6679-2584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":16.3449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99378882,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"120785","last_page":"120806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7396000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7396000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.6841999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.6725000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6566915512084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5967303514480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5499849915504456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.45435065031051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.41740599274635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2256341576576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09566327929496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6566915512084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5967303514480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5499849915504456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.45435065031051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41740599274635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2256341576576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09566327929496765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dd8fe3aa6f214e8ebaaa146926379986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dd8fe3aa6f214e8ebaaa146926379986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 120785-120806 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2321533354","https://openalex.org/W2336525064","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2750168540","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2903165775","https://openalex.org/W2947376905","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962974533","https://openalex.org/W2963222567","https://openalex.org/W2963707011","https://openalex.org/W2963847595","https://openalex.org/W2969224142","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2988157455","https://openalex.org/W3000716014","https://openalex.org/W3012430016","https://openalex.org/W3020975691","https://openalex.org/W3029137193","https://openalex.org/W3036286896","https://openalex.org/W3036319923","https://openalex.org/W3108010663","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3131437174","https://openalex.org/W3132191748","https://openalex.org/W3172362366","https://openalex.org/W3176125472","https://openalex.org/W3183198896","https://openalex.org/W3186221481","https://openalex.org/W3194110709","https://openalex.org/W3199384803","https://openalex.org/W3203598645","https://openalex.org/W3211317523","https://openalex.org/W3211639647","https://openalex.org/W4210250367","https://openalex.org/W4297252763","https://openalex.org/W4311194505","https://openalex.org/W4313648826","https://openalex.org/W4313650676","https://openalex.org/W4319311001","https://openalex.org/W4321350922","https://openalex.org/W4322775759","https://openalex.org/W4324359912","https://openalex.org/W4366085876","https://openalex.org/W4386897466","https://openalex.org/W4387918100","https://openalex.org/W4391128914","https://openalex.org/W4394841762","https://openalex.org/W4396759605","https://openalex.org/W6639736908","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6734171162","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6748218292","https://openalex.org/W6750391026","https://openalex.org/W6755681954","https://openalex.org/W6762067330","https://openalex.org/W6764462969","https://openalex.org/W6765638835","https://openalex.org/W6766931891","https://openalex.org/W6774576976","https://openalex.org/W6779540071","https://openalex.org/W6781659976","https://openalex.org/W6783213970","https://openalex.org/W6797666818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2013728941","https://openalex.org/W4225274103","https://openalex.org/W2154046714","https://openalex.org/W2189613078","https://openalex.org/W2579659702","https://openalex.org/W2923661510","https://openalex.org/W1574055964","https://openalex.org/W1965329638","https://openalex.org/W2542318691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"XAI":[0,147],"(eXplainable":[1],"AI)":[2],"has":[3],"become":[4],"a":[5,40,56],"pivotal":[6],"area":[7],"of":[8,13,31,43,59,99,124],"research":[9,142],"with":[10,149],"the":[11,29,64,74,87,93,100,118],"advancement":[12],"deep":[14,24,41],"learning":[15,25],"(DL)":[16],"technologies":[17],"and":[18,63,84,122,144],"applications.":[19],"Post-hoc":[20],"explanation":[21,61],"methods":[22,62,76,104],"interpret":[23],"predictions":[26],"by":[27,108],"uncovering":[28],"significance":[30],"input":[32,101],"features,":[33,120],"while":[34],"visualization":[35,148],"tools":[36],"can":[37],"contribute":[38],"to":[39,96,112],"understanding":[42],"AI":[44],"model":[45],"reasoning":[46],"based":[47,68,133],"on":[48,69,91,134],"these":[49,135],"methods.":[50,137],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,72,116,128,139],"survey":[55],"broad":[57],"spectrum":[58],"post-hoc":[60,150],"visual":[65],"analytics":[66],"work":[67,132],"them.":[70],"First,":[71],"categorize":[73],"computational":[75,136],"into":[77],"four":[78],"main":[79],"types:":[80],"perturbation-based,":[81],"gradient-based,":[82],"decomposition-based,":[83],"concept-based.":[85],"While":[86],"first":[88],"three":[89],"focus":[90],"attributing":[92],"model\u2019s":[94],"output":[95],"specific":[97],"regions":[98],"image,":[102],"concept-based":[103],"provide":[105],"global":[106],"explanations":[107],"mapping":[109],"human-understandable":[110],"concepts":[111],"high-level":[113],"features.":[114],"Then,":[115],"examine":[117],"methodologies,":[119],"strengths,":[121],"limitations":[123],"each":[125],"approach.":[126],"Moreover,":[127],"review":[129],"existing":[130],"visualization-focused":[131],"Finally,":[138],"discuss":[140],"further":[141],"challenges":[143],"opportunities":[145],"for":[146],"explanation.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
