{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411406771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581030","title":"A Hybrid Quantum-Classical Approach for Multi-Class Skin Disease Classification Using a 4-Qubit Model","display_name":"A Hybrid Quantum-Classical Approach for Multi-Class Skin Disease Classification Using a 4-Qubit Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411406771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581030","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011137395","display_name":"C. V. Aravinda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-4105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aravinda C \u2164","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041648168","display_name":"Joseph Emerson Raja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4512-0802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142644","display_name":"Intel (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/048jw1p35","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I4210142644"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emerson Raja Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Analytics, COE of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","Centre for Advanced Analytics. COE of Artificial Intelligence. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Kerkoh Lama, Bukit Beruang, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4512-0802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Analytics, COE of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Analytics. COE of Artificial Intelligence. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Kerkoh Lama, Bukit Beruang, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219","https://openalex.org/I4210142644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118331387","display_name":"Sultan Alasmari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096041","display_name":"Riyadh Elm University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rz3mr26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096041"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Alasmari","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technology and Business, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Dean, College of Technology and Business Riyadh Elm University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technology and Business, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dean, College of Technology and Business Riyadh Elm University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":12.2348,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98395148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"114460","last_page":"114470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.8215000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.8215000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.7781999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.7390295267105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6023184061050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5610764622688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5571244359016418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3328017294406891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25823700428009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.2186884582042694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20708516240119934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.7390295267105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6023184061050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5610764622688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5571244359016418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3328017294406891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25823700428009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2186884582042694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20708516240119934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:14292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/14292/1/3.pdf","pdf_url":"https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/14292/1/3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:085b3e6ecc434af19912f944e5de3b29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/085b3e6ecc434af19912f944e5de3b29","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 114460-114470 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3581030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2580674237","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2796293949","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2896712926","https://openalex.org/W2913595891","https://openalex.org/W2980446414","https://openalex.org/W6746715655","https://openalex.org/W6748683284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4382281260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0,48,59],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"(QML)":[3],"presents":[4],"a":[5,25,39,47,57,65,80,111,117,130,135,141,163,213],"promising":[6],"avenue":[7],"for":[8,53,62,208,257],"addressing":[9],"complex":[10],"classification":[11,182],"challenges,":[12],"yet":[13],"its":[14],"application":[15],"in":[16,261],"medical":[17],"imaging":[18],"remains":[19],"largely":[20],"unexplored.":[21],"This":[22,128],"work":[23],"introduces":[24],"hybrid":[26],"quantum":[27,42,171,200,258],"classical":[28,242],"framework":[29,45],"designed":[30],"to":[31,162],"classify":[32],"skin":[33],"diseases\u2014Chickenpox,":[34],"Measles,":[35],"Monkeypox,":[36],"and":[37,56,140,204],"Normal\u2014using":[38],"4":[40,164],"qubit":[41],"system.":[43,172],"The":[44,97,173],"integrates":[46],"Convolutional":[49],"Neural":[50],"Network":[51],"(QCNN)":[52],"feature":[54],"extraction":[55],"Variational":[58],"Classifier":[60],"(VQC)":[61],"classification,":[63],"processing":[64],"dataset":[66],"of":[67,114,119,125,138,216,227,241,249],"770":[68],"images":[69],"with":[70,85,169,251],"significant":[71],"class":[72,81],"imbalance.":[73],"To":[74,193],"address":[75],"this":[76,244],"imbalance,":[77],"we":[78],"employ":[79],"weighted":[82],"loss":[83],"function":[84],"weightswyi=":[86],"[3.0,":[87],"3.5,":[88],"0.6,":[89],"0.4],":[90],"ensuring":[91],"balanced":[92],"representation":[93],"across":[94],"all":[95],"classes.":[96],"model":[98],"is":[99],"optimized":[100,202],"using":[101],"Simultaneous":[102],"Perturbation":[103],"Stochastic":[104],"Approximation":[105],"(SPSA)":[106],"over":[107,133],"150":[108],"iterations,":[109],"achieving":[110],"test":[112],"accuracy":[113,224],"70.13%":[115],"on":[116,184,189,212],"subset":[118],"154":[120],"images,":[121],"which":[122,148],"represents":[123],"20%":[124],"the":[126,152,170,179,190,197,232,237,247,255],"dataset.":[127],"marks":[129],"substantial":[131],"improvement":[132],"both":[134],"random":[136],"baseline":[137],"25%":[139],"prior":[142],"run":[143],"that":[144],"achieved":[145],"37.66%":[146],"accuracy,":[147],"was":[149],"skewed":[150],"toward":[151],"majority":[153],"class.":[154],"Principal":[155],"Component":[156],"Analysis":[157],"(PCA)":[158],"reduces":[159],"image":[160],"features":[161],"dimensional":[165],"representation,":[166],"enabling":[167],"compatibility":[168],"QCNN":[174],"extracts":[175],"these":[176],"features,":[177],"while":[178],"VQC":[180],"performs":[181],"based":[183],"measurements":[185],"from":[186],"1024":[187],"shots":[188],"QASM":[191],"simulator.":[192],"ensure":[194],"practical":[195],"reusability,":[196],"trained":[198],"model\u2014including":[199],"circuits,":[201],"parameters,":[203],"PCA":[205],"transformations\u2014is":[206],"saved":[207],"future":[209],"deployment.":[210],"Validation":[211],"separate":[214],"set":[215],"24":[217,228],"samples":[218],"(6":[219],"per":[220],"class)":[221],"yields":[222],"70.83%":[223],"(17":[225],"out":[226],"correct":[229],"predictions),":[230],"demonstrating":[231],"model\u2019s":[233],"generalization":[234],"capabilities.":[235],"While":[236],"performance":[238],"falls":[239],"short":[240],"benchmarks,":[243],"study":[245],"establishes":[246],"feasibility":[248],"QML":[250],"minimal":[252],"qubits,":[253],"paving":[254],"way":[256],"driven":[259],"diagnostics":[260],"resource":[262],"constrained":[263],"environments.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-06-19T00:00:00"}