{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411336751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580279","title":"Modeling Air Combat Behavior for Simulation-Based Pilot Training: A Survey of Machine Learning Approaches","display_name":"Modeling Air Combat Behavior for Simulation-Based Pilot Training: A Survey of Machine Learning Approaches","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411336751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3580279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580279","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015785529","display_name":"Andreas Strand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7679-7816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Strand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway","FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), Instituttveien 20, Kjeller, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7679-7816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), Instituttveien 20, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035879612","display_name":"Patrick Ribu Gorton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-1764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Ribu Gorton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway","FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), Instituttveien 20, Kjeller, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-1764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), Instituttveien 20, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007708559","display_name":"Karsten Br\u00e5then","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7347-8089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karsten Brathen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway","FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), Instituttveien 20, Kjeller, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7347-8089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), Instituttveien 20, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015785529"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.1586,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96977118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"113666","last_page":"113685"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7188101410865784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5938177108764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44456690549850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-combat","display_name":"Air combat","score":0.41319388151168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.39990296959877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37320297956466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.321898877620697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7188101410865784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5938177108764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44456690549850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988296547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471145","display_name":"Air combat","level":2,"score":0.41319388151168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.39990296959877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37320297956466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.321898877620697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3580279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:47122b2da3294ad89b6f7dc92ee24437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/47122b2da3294ad89b6f7dc92ee24437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 113666-113685 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3580279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W763189492","https://openalex.org/W1543488019","https://openalex.org/W1914583973","https://openalex.org/W1942653913","https://openalex.org/W1980429643","https://openalex.org/W2004929506","https://openalex.org/W2011418219","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2075110355","https://openalex.org/W2100504492","https://openalex.org/W2107151099","https://openalex.org/W2119296376","https://openalex.org/W2134882229","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2218010302","https://openalex.org/W2222512263","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2518892488","https://openalex.org/W2581593760","https://openalex.org/W2724634933","https://openalex.org/W2765358512","https://openalex.org/W2768629321","https://openalex.org/W2771137379","https://openalex.org/W2774185825","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2794908222","https://openalex.org/W2884997579","https://openalex.org/W2897664140","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2910809319","https://openalex.org/W2912222576","https://openalex.org/W2957353008","https://openalex.org/W2960752311","https://openalex.org/W2962576147","https://openalex.org/W2971634072","https://openalex.org/W2981038142","https://openalex.org/W2994446013","https://openalex.org/W2996037775","https://openalex.org/W2996354887","https://openalex.org/W3019579407","https://openalex.org/W3024044737","https://openalex.org/W3029945580","https://openalex.org/W3089592508","https://openalex.org/W3109638172","https://openalex.org/W3112673853","https://openalex.org/W3118380278","https://openalex.org/W3119035629","https://openalex.org/W3131698718","https://openalex.org/W3133667847","https://openalex.org/W3153187775","https://openalex.org/W3154812053","https://openalex.org/W3156295478","https://openalex.org/W3177014898","https://openalex.org/W3190154035","https://openalex.org/W3217400442","https://openalex.org/W4213309022","https://openalex.org/W4220970489","https://openalex.org/W4235721129","https://openalex.org/W4241431509","https://openalex.org/W4248220968","https://openalex.org/W4248319997","https://openalex.org/W4285685081","https://openalex.org/W4288047789","https://openalex.org/W4296426247","https://openalex.org/W4304606432","https://openalex.org/W4312130767","https://openalex.org/W4312309366","https://openalex.org/W4312330977","https://openalex.org/W4316591079","https://openalex.org/W4323030755","https://openalex.org/W4327662927","https://openalex.org/W4361298708","https://openalex.org/W4363678596","https://openalex.org/W4375929017","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385492535","https://openalex.org/W4387230811","https://openalex.org/W4388260366","https://openalex.org/W4390343183","https://openalex.org/W4391381734","https://openalex.org/W4392943598","https://openalex.org/W4393248251","https://openalex.org/W4394880054","https://openalex.org/W4398169323","https://openalex.org/W4399039159","https://openalex.org/W4400245392","https://openalex.org/W4400770903","https://openalex.org/W6603652805","https://openalex.org/W6608877844","https://openalex.org/W6614031915","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6640174482","https://openalex.org/W6674600207","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6687681856","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6704571135","https://openalex.org/W6718092244","https://openalex.org/W6733070578","https://openalex.org/W6735789912","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6747473740","https://openalex.org/W6748972340","https://openalex.org/W6766805167","https://openalex.org/W6785173017","https://openalex.org/W6803290710","https://openalex.org/W6891880838","https://openalex.org/W6902572138","https://openalex.org/W6922520979","https://openalex.org/W7048047797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2357362621","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W3216976533","https://openalex.org/W100620283","https://openalex.org/W2495260952","https://openalex.org/W4366179611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fighter":[0],"pilots":[1],"train":[2],"maneuvers":[3,81],"and":[4,9,29,53,82,87,114,133,159,170,178,191,199],"missions":[5],"in":[6,45,73,89,108,124],"simulators":[7],"with":[8,142],"against":[10],"simulated":[11,23],"entities":[12,24],"that":[13,75],"must":[14],"exhibit":[15],"realistic":[16,200],"behavior":[17,65,130,176,203],"for":[18,32,205],"effective":[19],"training.":[20,208],"However,":[21],"current":[22,189],"often":[25],"display":[26],"simplified":[27],"behavior,":[28],"traditional":[30],"methods":[31],"improving":[33],"realism":[34],"require":[35],"extensive":[36],"manual":[37],"effort":[38],"to":[39,62,101,106,187],"integrate":[40],"domain":[41],"knowledge.":[42],"Recent":[43],"advancements":[44],"machine":[46,134,168,201],"learning,":[47,50,52],"specifically":[48],"reinforcement":[49],"imitation":[51],"evolutionary":[54],"algorithms,":[55],"offer":[56],"scalable":[57],"alternatives":[58],"by":[59,138],"enabling":[60],"agents":[61,77,97],"learn":[63,79],"complex":[64],"from":[66,98],"data.":[67],"Despite":[68],"improved":[69],"methods,":[70,136],"challenges":[71],"remain":[72],"ensuring":[74],"the":[76,109,121,145,193],"reliably":[78],"tactical":[80],"proper":[83],"employment":[84],"of":[85,126,174,195],"weapons":[86],"sensors":[88],"diverse":[90],"scenarios.":[91,183],"Another":[92],"significant":[93],"challenge":[94],"is":[95],"transferring":[96],"learning":[99,135,146,169],"environments":[100],"military":[102],"simulation":[103],"systems":[104],"due":[105],"differences":[107],"observation":[110],"formats,":[111,113],"action":[112],"flight":[115],"dynamic":[116],"models.":[117],"This":[118],"survey":[119],"categorizes":[120],"relevant":[122],"literature":[123],"terms":[125],"applications,":[127],"mission":[128],"tasks,":[129],"model":[131],"types,":[132],"followed":[137],"a":[139],"comparative":[140],"analysis":[141],"emphasis":[143,180],"on":[144,149,166,181],"process.":[147],"Based":[148],"this":[150],"analysis,":[151],"we":[152],"present":[153],"four":[154],"primary":[155],"recommendations:":[156],"(1)":[157],"standardization":[158],"research":[160],"collaboration":[161],"initiatives,":[162],"(2)":[163],"enhanced":[164],"focus":[165],"multi-agent":[167],"cooperation,":[171],"(3)":[172],"utilization":[173],"hierarchical":[175],"models,":[177],"(4)":[179],"beyond-visual-range":[182],"These":[184],"recommendations":[185],"aim":[186],"address":[188],"limitations":[190],"guide":[192],"development":[194],"more":[196],"comprehensive,":[197],"adaptable,":[198],"learning-based":[202],"models":[204],"simulation-based":[206],"pilot":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-06-17T00:00:00"}