{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411336771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580052","title":"Enhancing Fault Detection and Classification in Wind Farm Power Generation Using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) by Leveraging LVRT Embedded in Numerical Relays","display_name":"Enhancing Fault Detection and Classification in Wind Farm Power Generation Using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) by Leveraging LVRT Embedded in Numerical Relays","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411336771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3580052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580052","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057086047","display_name":"Tarek Kandil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3797-0479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek Kandil","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA","School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3797-0479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048570998","display_name":"Adam Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-3556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA","School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-3556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Remon Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4052-9279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Remon Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA","School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4052-9279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.7127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90140019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"104828","last_page":"104843"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8175292015075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7304104566574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.5937519073486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.5379230976104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5259140729904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47234809398651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4678312838077545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42017364501953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-generation","display_name":"Electricity generation","score":0.4195692241191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.41864654421806335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4160119295120239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.39881932735443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17143529653549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.16115066409111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12868887186050415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8175292015075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7304104566574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.5937519073486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.5379230976104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5259140729904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47234809398651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4678312838077545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42017364501953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.4195692241191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.41864654421806335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4160119295120239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.39881932735443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17143529653549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.16115066409111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12868887186050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3580052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:532823bd220f44868eb843aaee7d780c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/532823bd220f44868eb843aaee7d780c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 104828-104843 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3580052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3580052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539299541","https://openalex.org/W1973462041","https://openalex.org/W2052584955","https://openalex.org/W2153838599","https://openalex.org/W2161565554","https://openalex.org/W2162259183","https://openalex.org/W2191878693","https://openalex.org/W2204346589","https://openalex.org/W2566515346","https://openalex.org/W2573289321","https://openalex.org/W2598127214","https://openalex.org/W2772520773","https://openalex.org/W2782323875","https://openalex.org/W2884475281","https://openalex.org/W2889078883","https://openalex.org/W2898380972","https://openalex.org/W2899232303","https://openalex.org/W2906714766","https://openalex.org/W2963706970","https://openalex.org/W2964405582","https://openalex.org/W2970999158","https://openalex.org/W2995143136","https://openalex.org/W3019075159","https://openalex.org/W3035107441","https://openalex.org/W3045574986","https://openalex.org/W3083000136","https://openalex.org/W3133402591","https://openalex.org/W3154630068","https://openalex.org/W3156978101","https://openalex.org/W3193779461","https://openalex.org/W4205775844","https://openalex.org/W4206736509","https://openalex.org/W4206971591","https://openalex.org/W4226425358","https://openalex.org/W4281844869","https://openalex.org/W4288702567","https://openalex.org/W4309220294","https://openalex.org/W4381549596","https://openalex.org/W4383313616","https://openalex.org/W4383505962","https://openalex.org/W4390402160","https://openalex.org/W4400408863","https://openalex.org/W4403115557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2557657611","https://openalex.org/W4211120176","https://openalex.org/W86946229","https://openalex.org/W3009843762","https://openalex.org/W1986587019","https://openalex.org/W2108466866","https://openalex.org/W4307690338","https://openalex.org/W4389372435","https://openalex.org/W2138908244","https://openalex.org/W2565656575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"fault":[1,85,180,195,239],"detection":[2,240],"and":[3,11,20,36,66,83,114,127,163,172,231,241],"classification":[4],"are":[5,27],"important":[6],"for":[7,112,132],"power":[8,15,33,39,70,125],"system":[9,34],"stability":[10],"resilience":[12],"of":[13,47,106,167,178,190,205,229,247],"the":[14,38,45,124,130,154,165,188,191,203,219],"grid":[16,42,131],"to":[17,29,40,54,88,96,161,186,199,201,213],"minimize":[18],"downtime":[19],"prevent":[21,41],"cascading":[22],"failures.":[23],"Numerical":[24],"relays":[25,94],"(NRs)":[26],"used":[28],"detect":[30,162],"faults":[31,168],"in":[32,44,169,238],"networks":[35],"isolate":[37],"instability":[43],"event":[46],"a":[48,116,138,206,214,221,244],"fault.":[49],"Faults":[50],"may":[51,109],"occur":[52],"due":[53,87],"many":[55],"factors,":[56],"such":[57],"as":[58],"lightning":[59],"strikes,":[60],"weather":[61,89],"events":[62],"(heavy":[63],"rain,":[64],"snow,":[65],"wind),":[67],"accidents,":[68],"or":[69],"surges.":[71],"However,":[72],"integrating":[73],"renewable":[74,174],"energy":[75],"sources,":[76],"particularly":[77],"wind":[78,170],"farms,":[79],"introduces":[80],"more":[81,103],"complex":[82,104],"unpredictable":[84],"conditions":[86,181],"patterns":[90],"that":[91],"traditional":[92],"numerical":[93,207,248],"struggle":[95],"handle":[97],"effectively.":[98],"In":[99,135],"addition,":[100],"microgrids":[101],"impose":[102],"types":[105],"faults,":[107],"which":[108],"pose":[110],"challenges":[111],"NRs":[113],"necessitate":[115],"\u201csmart":[117],"grid\u201d":[118],"where":[119],"communication":[120],"can":[121],"happen":[122],"between":[123],"company":[126],"devices":[128],"on":[129],"fast":[133],"responses.":[134],"this":[136],"paper,":[137],"non-overlapping":[139],"sliding":[140],"window-based":[141],"continuous":[142],"online":[143],"monitoring":[144],"Convolutional":[145],"Neural":[146],"Network":[147],"(CNN)":[148],"technique":[149],"is":[150],"proposed":[151,192,234],"by":[152],"leveraging":[153],"Low":[155],"Voltage":[156],"Ride":[157],"Through":[158],"(LVRT)":[159],"code":[160],"classify":[164],"type":[166],"farms":[171],"other":[173],"sources.":[175],"Extensive":[176],"simulations":[177],"different":[179,227],"were":[182,197,211],"conducted":[183],"using":[184],"MATLAB/Simulink":[185],"evaluate":[187],"performance":[189],"model.":[193],"Electrical":[194],"data":[196],"converted":[198],"images":[200,210],"simulate":[202],"output":[204],"relay.":[208],"These":[209],"fed":[212],"neural":[215],"network.":[216],"To":[217],"validate":[218],"model,":[220],"detailed":[222],"analysis":[223],"was":[224],"performed,":[225],"comparing":[226],"combinations":[228],"classifiers":[230],"optimizers.":[232],"The":[233],"model":[235],"performs":[236],"well":[237],"classification,":[242],"introducing":[243],"new":[245],"feature":[246],"relays.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
