{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411232119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3579289","title":"UE-NER-2025: A GPT-Based Approach to Multi-Lingual Named Entity Recognition on Urdu and English","display_name":"UE-NER-2025: A GPT-Based Approach to Multi-Lingual Named Entity Recognition on Urdu and English","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411232119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3579289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3579289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3579289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3579289","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102832209","display_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0251-688X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico","Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-PN), Mexico City, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-PN), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102969395","display_name":"Hany Farid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6095-8339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121988","display_name":"Film Independent","ror":"https://ror.org/036cy3843","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121988"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Humaira Farid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Sunnyvale, CA, USA","Independent Researcher, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Sunnyvale, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031347293","display_name":"Iqra Ameer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1134-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iqra Ameer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Abington, PA, USA","Department of Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University at Abington, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Abington, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University at Abington, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102764808","display_name":"Faizan Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-6153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fida Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico","Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-PN), Mexico City, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-PN), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101844521","display_name":"Muhammad Muzamil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2570-0491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Muzamil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038525771","display_name":"Mona Jalal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Jalal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083593624","display_name":"Ameer Hamza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-4861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ameer Hamza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering and Computer Science, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010915932","display_name":"Ildar Batyrshin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0241-7902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ildar Batyrshin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico","Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-PN), Mexico City, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-PN), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008287867","display_name":"Grigori Sidorov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-3522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grigori Sidorov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico","Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-PN), Mexico City, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-PN), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102832209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.5798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97234723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"111175","last_page":"111186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9194999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.8802565336227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.8049585223197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7265624403953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5987535715103149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5905615091323853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity","display_name":"Named entity","score":0.4709547460079193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3991536796092987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3106149435043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08637455105781555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.07960861921310425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.8802565336227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.8049585223197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7265624403953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5987535715103149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5905615091323853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777889803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047676","display_name":"Named entity","level":2,"score":0.4709547460079193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3991536796092987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3106149435043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08637455105781555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.07960861921310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3579289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3579289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:343fabd15e434fd69ecd912165f834ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/343fabd15e434fd69ecd912165f834ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 111175-111186 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3579289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3579289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285154531","https://openalex.org/W2032007337","https://openalex.org/W2250347524","https://openalex.org/W2186562580","https://openalex.org/W135458787","https://openalex.org/W3017222382","https://openalex.org/W1884363728","https://openalex.org/W3136915866","https://openalex.org/W4390279576","https://openalex.org/W3128216712"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Named":[0],"Entity":[1],"Recognition":[2],"(NER)":[3],"is":[4,31,67],"a":[5,35,55,71,112,145,151,260],"fundamental":[6],"task":[7],"that":[8,136],"identifies":[9],"and":[10,25,75,124,149,181,183,202,210,275,295],"classifies":[11],"entities":[12],"into":[13],"predefined":[14],"categories":[15],"from":[16,118],"unstructured":[17],"text.":[18],"As":[19],"textual":[20],"data":[21],"continues":[22],"to":[23,70,140,191,223,253],"grow":[24],"span":[26],"diverse":[27],"linguistic":[28],"communities,":[29],"NER":[30,61,197],"rarely":[32],"studied":[33],"as":[34,179],"multilingual":[36,92,114,147,273,296],"task,":[37],"particularly":[38,204],"for":[39,62,95,199],"low-resource":[40,209],"languages.":[41,213],"While":[42],"many":[43],"researchers":[44],"have":[45,59],"focused":[46],"on":[47,84,219,238],"name":[48],"identification":[49],"in":[50,90,195,228,265,271,277,287,291],"various":[51],"high-resource":[52],"languages,":[53],"only":[54],"few":[56],"research":[57,80],"efforts":[58],"addressed":[60],"the":[63,96,141,206,226,239,242,266,272,278],"Urdu":[64,97,279,288],"script.":[65],"This":[66],"primarily":[68],"due":[69],"lack":[72],"of":[73,208,241,263],"resources":[74],"annotated":[76,127],"datasets.":[77],"Furthermore,":[78],"previous":[79],"has":[81],"mostly":[82],"concentrated":[83],"monolingual":[85],"techniques,":[86],"leaving":[87],"significant":[88,232],"gaps":[89],"addressing":[91,205],"challenges,":[93],"especially":[94],"language.":[98],"To":[99],"fill":[100],"this":[101,103],"gap,":[102],"study":[104],"makes":[105],"four":[106],"key":[107],"contributions.":[108],"First,":[109],"we":[110,131,156,215],"created":[111],"unique":[113],"dataset":[115],"(UE-NER-2025)":[116],"sourced":[117],"Twitter,":[119],"which":[120],"contains":[121],"182,411":[122],"tokens":[123],"8":[125],"uniquely":[126],"entity":[128],"types.":[129],"Second,":[130],"applied":[132],"two":[133],"novel":[134],"techniques":[135],"are":[137],"relatively":[138],"new":[139],"UE-NER-2025":[142],"dataset:":[143],"1)":[144],"joint":[146,152],"approach":[148,281],"2)":[150],"translation-based":[153,268,280],"approach.":[154],"Third,":[155],"conducted":[157],"30":[158],"different":[159],"experiments":[160],"using":[161,188],"5-fold":[162],"cross-validation,":[163],"combining":[164],"traditional":[165,254,283],"supervised":[166,255,284],"learning":[167,173,186,256,285],"with":[168,174],"token-based":[169],"feature":[170],"extraction,":[171],"deep":[172],"pre-trained":[175],"word":[176],"embeddings":[177],"such":[178],"FastText":[180],"GloVe,":[182],"advanced":[184],"transfer":[185],"models":[187,222],"contextual":[189],"embeddings,":[190],"evaluate":[192],"their":[193],"effectiveness":[194],"enhancing":[196],"performance":[198,229,251,261],"both":[200],"English":[201,267,292],"Urdu,":[203],"challenges":[207],"morphologically":[211],"rich":[212],"Finally,":[214],"performed":[216],"statistical":[217],"analysis":[218,240],"our":[220,244],"top-performing":[221],"determine":[224],"whether":[225],"differences":[227],"were":[230],"statistically":[231],"or":[233],"occurred":[234],"by":[235],"chance.":[236],"Based":[237],"results,":[243],"transformer-based":[245],"language":[246],"model":[247],"(XLM-RoBERTa-base)":[248],"achieved":[249],"strong":[250],"compared":[252],"models.":[257],"We":[258],"observed":[259],"improvement":[262],"3.99%":[264],"approach,":[269,274],"3.72%":[270],"2.32%":[276],"over":[282],"(RF":[286],"=":[289,293,297],"0.927,":[290],"0.9258,":[294],"0.9272).":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}