{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411203053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3578815","title":"Cooperation and Competition Among Automated Vehicles in Highway Merge Scenario\u2014A Proof-of-Concept Study","display_name":"Cooperation and Competition Among Automated Vehicles in Highway Merge Scenario\u2014A Proof-of-Concept Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411203053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3578815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3578815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3578815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3578815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088565879","display_name":"Eugene Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eugene Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data/Network/AI Convergence, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data/Network/AI Convergence, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034211823","display_name":"J. D. Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9344-2183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joonho Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data/Network/AI Convergence, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data/Network/AI Convergence, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000067038","display_name":"Kitae Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-4107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kitae Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cho Chun Shik Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cho Chun Shik Graduate School of Mobility, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069302418","display_name":"Eunjeong Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5156-5704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112728665","display_name":"Hannam University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwbae71","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112728665"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunjeong Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Big Data Application, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Big Data Application, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112728665"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351555","display_name":"Zhibin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7192-6853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090971","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf0ab87","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["BD","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhibin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transport and Logistics Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transport and Logistics Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877","https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066024748","display_name":"Jaehyun So","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-729X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehyun So","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transportation System Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transportation System Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088565879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14541583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"109134","last_page":"109143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.6940390467643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.692833423614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6281310319900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.32030990719795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19060543179512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.1284160017967224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.6940390467643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.692833423614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6281310319900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.32030990719795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19060543179512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.1284160017967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3578815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3578815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:480bebe5a76542f4a3dfa4dff4ab4ba6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/480bebe5a76542f4a3dfa4dff4ab4ba6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 109134-109143 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3578815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3578815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4407410164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00403630","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982474156","https://openalex.org/W2003841959","https://openalex.org/W2007718857","https://openalex.org/W2008082561","https://openalex.org/W2057232278","https://openalex.org/W2059475587","https://openalex.org/W2073630814","https://openalex.org/W2079717245","https://openalex.org/W2108170386","https://openalex.org/W2119447893","https://openalex.org/W2125761350","https://openalex.org/W2128744233","https://openalex.org/W2132479764","https://openalex.org/W2134515888","https://openalex.org/W2276329747","https://openalex.org/W2511722497","https://openalex.org/W2727450595","https://openalex.org/W2758807294","https://openalex.org/W3013595267","https://openalex.org/W3084042075","https://openalex.org/W3087232517","https://openalex.org/W3106659769","https://openalex.org/W3123601015","https://openalex.org/W3140277255","https://openalex.org/W3161651929","https://openalex.org/W3171693280","https://openalex.org/W3178154229","https://openalex.org/W3208083690","https://openalex.org/W3212907084","https://openalex.org/W4220995194","https://openalex.org/W4283837138","https://openalex.org/W4292622572","https://openalex.org/W4394674325","https://openalex.org/W6616852790","https://openalex.org/W6683530880"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4234886518","https://openalex.org/W2389591058","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2382112581","https://openalex.org/W3124036233","https://openalex.org/W4229787472","https://openalex.org/W4391913857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"compares":[2],"strategies":[3],"for":[4],"controlling":[5],"the":[6,42,50,79,89,103,134,149,156,178,185,192,213,216],"specific":[7],"movements":[8,104],"of":[9,15,44,57,70,81,91,105,127,176,215],"automated":[10,45,106],"vehicles":[11,46,160],"by":[12,49,65],"applying":[13],"concepts":[14],"cooperation":[16,40,82,135],"and":[17,59,72,108,117,129,152,170,201,223],"competition":[18,62,92],"in":[19,41,125,133,148,155,184,191,219],"a":[20,33,109],"highway":[21],"merge":[22,157,186],"scenario.":[23],"To":[24],"enhance":[25],"understanding,":[26],"each":[27],"concept":[28],"was":[29,47,63,83,93,113],"first":[30],"analyzed":[31,124],"from":[32],"sociological":[34],"perspective.":[35],"Based":[36],"on":[37],"this":[38],"analysis,":[39],"context":[43],"characterized":[48,64],"key":[51,77],"terms":[52,126,175],"\"common":[53],"goal/benefit,":[54,67],"shared":[55],"ownership":[56,69],"resources,":[58,71],"interaction\",":[60],"while":[61,195],"\"individual":[66],"personal":[68],"individual":[73,96],"actions\".":[74],"Reflecting":[75],"these":[76],"terms,":[78],"objective":[80,90],"to":[84,94,101,115,138,189],"optimize":[85,95,118],"system":[86],"cost,":[87],"whereas":[88],"cost.":[97],"Simulations":[98],"were":[99,123],"conducted":[100],"implement":[102],"vehicles,":[107],"dynamic":[110],"programming":[111],"model":[112],"used":[114],"predict":[116],"vehicle":[119],"trajectories.":[120],"The":[121],"results":[122,211],"mobility":[128,222],"safety":[130],"metrics.":[131],"Vehicles":[132],"scenario,":[136,194],"due":[137],"system-level":[139],"optimization,":[140],"maintained":[141],"speed":[142],"distributions":[143,163],"centered":[144],"around":[145],"90":[146],"km/h":[147,154,169],"Main":[150],"segment":[151,187],"80":[153],"segment.":[158],"Competitive":[159],"showed":[161],"broader":[162],"with":[164],"speeds":[165],"peaking":[166],"at":[167],"85-90":[168],"75-80":[171],"km/h,":[172],"respectively.":[173],"In":[174],"safety,":[177],"cooperative":[179,217],"approach":[180,218],"recorded":[181],"26":[182],"conflicts":[183],"compared":[188],"33":[190],"competitive":[193],"achieving":[196],"higher":[197],"time-to-collison":[198],"(TTC)":[199],"values":[200],"lower":[202],"deceleration":[203],"rates":[204],"(4.3":[205],"m/s\u00b2":[206],"vs.":[207],"5.7":[208],"m/s\u00b2).":[209],"These":[210],"highlight":[212],"advantages":[214],"optimizing":[220],"both":[221],"safety.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-06-12T00:00:00"}