{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410949696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575955","title":"ColorPCA: Scalable Colored Dimensionality Reduction for Unlabeled High-Dimensional Data","display_name":"ColorPCA: Scalable Colored Dimensionality Reduction for Unlabeled High-Dimensional Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410949696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3575955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575955","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072275696","display_name":"Wenqiang Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-868X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqiang Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-868X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045256341","display_name":"Shehzad Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9712-3618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shehzad Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9712-3618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055188702","display_name":"Rafael M. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2901-935X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223464139","display_name":"Linnaeus University","ror":"https://ror.org/00j9qag85","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223464139"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael M. Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2901-935X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223464139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101663815","display_name":"Sohaib Ghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9100-7691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohaib Ghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visualization Core Laboratory, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9100-7691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visualization Core Laboratory, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089073067","display_name":"Ibrahim Hoteit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3751-4393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Hoteit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3751-4393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7946,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71310294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"98037","last_page":"98054"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colored","display_name":"Colored","score":0.7941824197769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.741574227809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6930476427078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5709888339042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5400863289833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4169512689113617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4060652256011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1641159951686859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.10846748948097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10671308636665344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778307483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5149038","display_name":"Colored","level":2,"score":0.7941824197769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.741574227809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6930476427078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5709888339042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5400863289833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4169512689113617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4060652256011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1641159951686859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.10846748948097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10671308636665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3575955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:lnu-140802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-140802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400653","display_name":"Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fa53b76959b44976b53b1482bad3c47a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fa53b76959b44976b53b1482bad3c47a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 98037-98054 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3575955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93479050","https://openalex.org/W1518301830","https://openalex.org/W1584663654","https://openalex.org/W1617495083","https://openalex.org/W1782383555","https://openalex.org/W1875842236","https://openalex.org/W1991906508","https://openalex.org/W2010560725","https://openalex.org/W2019501458","https://openalex.org/W2046634810","https://openalex.org/W2047752105","https://openalex.org/W2094013107","https://openalex.org/W2096334451","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2114566476","https://openalex.org/W2121491358","https://openalex.org/W2122572959","https://openalex.org/W2128931829","https://openalex.org/W2132176181","https://openalex.org/W2135415614","https://openalex.org/W2151103091","https://openalex.org/W2162387130","https://openalex.org/W2162506329","https://openalex.org/W2171396536","https://openalex.org/W2182886880","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2221590122","https://openalex.org/W2323909273","https://openalex.org/W2428714918","https://openalex.org/W2493116386","https://openalex.org/W2515158665","https://openalex.org/W2753766497","https://openalex.org/W2793551774","https://openalex.org/W2890546132","https://openalex.org/W2941167638","https://openalex.org/W2974948251","https://openalex.org/W2988116461","https://openalex.org/W3006505613","https://openalex.org/W3032338640","https://openalex.org/W3091971410","https://openalex.org/W3112718240","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3145314891","https://openalex.org/W4211221224","https://openalex.org/W6945636699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140509105","https://openalex.org/W1547843988","https://openalex.org/W3146178872","https://openalex.org/W4235907447","https://openalex.org/W4205128724","https://openalex.org/W2040849466","https://openalex.org/W346008744","https://openalex.org/W2158704926","https://openalex.org/W2536888818","https://openalex.org/W2498710829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mapping":[0],"labeled":[1],"high-dimensional":[2,29,155],"data":[3,30,78,156],"to":[4,34,73,83],"colors":[5],"based":[6,138],"on":[7,139],"class":[8,39],"labels":[9],"in":[10,41,87,93,154],"low-dimensional":[11],"projections":[12],"is":[13],"effective":[14],"for":[15,99],"enhancing":[16],"pattern":[17,85],"recognition":[18],"and":[19,102,112,126,141,149],"reducing":[20],"misinterpretation":[21],"of":[22,27],"clusters.":[23],"However,":[24],"automatic":[25,58],"coloring":[26,59,136],"unlabeled":[28,88],"remains":[31],"a":[32,50,94],"challenge":[33],"reveal":[35],"unknown":[36],"patterns":[37],"or":[38],"structures":[40],"the":[42],"data.":[43],"To":[44],"address":[45],"this,":[46],"we":[47,117],"propose":[48],"ColorPCA,":[49],"scalable":[51],"method":[52],"that":[53,144],"improves":[54,146],"existing":[55],"dimensionality":[56],"reduction-based":[57],"by":[60],"integrating":[61],"Principal":[62],"Component":[63],"Analysis":[64],"with":[65,123,128,133],"alpha":[66],"compositing.":[67],"Rather":[68],"than":[69],"mapping":[70],"reduced":[71],"dimensions":[72],"color":[74,81],"coordinates,":[75],"ColorPCA":[76,92,145],"encodes":[77],"directly":[79],"into":[80],"space":[82],"improve":[84],"discovery":[86],"datasets.":[89,115],"We":[90],"implemented":[91],"web-based":[95],"visual":[96,147],"analytics":[97],"system":[98],"interactive":[100],"exploration":[101],"evaluated":[103],"it":[104],"through":[105],"three":[106,119],"case":[107],"studies":[108],"using":[109],"benchmark,":[110],"simulated,":[111],"real-world":[113],"climate":[114,129],"Additionally,":[116],"conducted":[118],"user":[120],"studies,":[121],"two":[122,134],"generic":[124],"users":[125],"one":[127],"domain":[130],"experts.":[131],"Comparisons":[132],"state-of-the-art":[135],"methods":[137],"PCA":[140],"t-SNE":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"separability":[148],"facilitates":[150],"deeper":[151],"insight":[152],"extraction":[153],"visualization.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}