{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410949722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575697","title":"A Brief Review on the Development Progress of High-Efficiency Klystrons","display_name":"A Brief Review on the Development Progress of High-Efficiency Klystrons","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410949722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3575697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575697","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032064519","display_name":"Soumaya Mandal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91277730","display_name":"Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vtd268","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91277730"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soumaya Mandal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2153-0544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91277730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101815741","display_name":"Ayan Kumar Bandyopadhyay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-5710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41763900","display_name":"Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hh45364","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I41763900","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayan Kumar Bandyopadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Devices Division, CSIR-CEERI, Pilani, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Devices Division, CSIR-CEERI, Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41763900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073108967","display_name":"Chaitali Koley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-1193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91277730","display_name":"Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vtd268","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91277730"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaitali Koley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-1193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91277730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101527868","display_name":"Debasish Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-2666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41763900","display_name":"Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01hh45364","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I41763900","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debasish Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microwave Devices Division, CSIR-CEERI, Pilani, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microwave Devices Division, CSIR-CEERI, Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41763900"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026767724","display_name":"Taha Selim Ustun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-8421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58089638","display_name":"Fukushima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjb7z20","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58089638"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taha Selim Ustun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Fukushima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-8421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Fukushima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58089638"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001645788","display_name":"Ahmet \u00d6nen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7086-5112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105992","display_name":"Qatar Science and Technology Park","ror":"https://ror.org/01gshyb58","country_code":"QA","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105992"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Onen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7086-5112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032064519"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91277730"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1251,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86484654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"98323","last_page":"98348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11175","display_name":"Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11175","display_name":"Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/klystron","display_name":"Klystron","score":0.8195332288742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5072274208068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17355972528457642}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94506165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863109","display_name":"Klystron","level":3,"score":0.8195332288742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5072274208068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17355972528457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3575697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dd8af8aff45e4bc8b2e424cec527b692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dd8af8aff45e4bc8b2e424cec527b692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 98323-98348 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/30744731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3575697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3575697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19556443","https://openalex.org/W19697934","https://openalex.org/W155937053","https://openalex.org/W1572412719","https://openalex.org/W1651331658","https://openalex.org/W1934351870","https://openalex.org/W1964612335","https://openalex.org/W1972578605","https://openalex.org/W1980281477","https://openalex.org/W1984426052","https://openalex.org/W1992814936","https://openalex.org/W1993058978","https://openalex.org/W2020694334","https://openalex.org/W2022442963","https://openalex.org/W2030126278","https://openalex.org/W2032583974","https://openalex.org/W2043688803","https://openalex.org/W2048760773","https://openalex.org/W2049013317","https://openalex.org/W2064829148","https://openalex.org/W2069313681","https://openalex.org/W2081202875","https://openalex.org/W2081635146","https://openalex.org/W2081890617","https://openalex.org/W2100518742","https://openalex.org/W2103298823","https://openalex.org/W2103773926","https://openalex.org/W2104227985","https://openalex.org/W2108247589","https://openalex.org/W2115394121","https://openalex.org/W2120713776","https://openalex.org/W2127071042","https://openalex.org/W2132410778","https://openalex.org/W2139241558","https://openalex.org/W2143369427","https://openalex.org/W2147191987","https://openalex.org/W2147927038","https://openalex.org/W2160947895","https://openalex.org/W2162404560","https://openalex.org/W2163977812","https://openalex.org/W2169404467","https://openalex.org/W2313554876","https://openalex.org/W2341813679","https://openalex.org/W2435089338","https://openalex.org/W2523300551","https://openalex.org/W2566283697","https://openalex.org/W2785454774","https://openalex.org/W2785667101","https://openalex.org/W2786397558","https://openalex.org/W2787328620","https://openalex.org/W2795611940","https://openalex.org/W2796107020","https://openalex.org/W2898462710","https://openalex.org/W2900300261","https://openalex.org/W2932918436","https://openalex.org/W2941383892","https://openalex.org/W2944710776","https://openalex.org/W2953543924","https://openalex.org/W2970630562","https://openalex.org/W2977430406","https://openalex.org/W3007600928","https://openalex.org/W3022319146","https://openalex.org/W3024127960","https://openalex.org/W3025627960","https://openalex.org/W3035047565","https://openalex.org/W3096341909","https://openalex.org/W3109056438","https://openalex.org/W3116907946","https://openalex.org/W3117984626","https://openalex.org/W3128447375","https://openalex.org/W3133697624","https://openalex.org/W3171019600","https://openalex.org/W3198452576","https://openalex.org/W3203939350","https://openalex.org/W4205099245","https://openalex.org/W4206383180","https://openalex.org/W4213005279","https://openalex.org/W4214839579","https://openalex.org/W4220770797","https://openalex.org/W4226403616","https://openalex.org/W4250081171","https://openalex.org/W4254380674","https://openalex.org/W4285139658","https://openalex.org/W4285309226","https://openalex.org/W4319996384","https://openalex.org/W4320001372","https://openalex.org/W4323345906","https://openalex.org/W4366151940","https://openalex.org/W4366152500","https://openalex.org/W4382203677","https://openalex.org/W4382204068","https://openalex.org/W4396712509","https://openalex.org/W4401871008","https://openalex.org/W4402570552","https://openalex.org/W4403124756","https://openalex.org/W4404628237","https://openalex.org/W6694411955","https://openalex.org/W6704540239","https://openalex.org/W6720384725","https://openalex.org/W6730701733","https://openalex.org/W6741774208","https://openalex.org/W6761049826","https://openalex.org/W6778380263","https://openalex.org/W6784167342","https://openalex.org/W6888036021","https://openalex.org/W6996954723","https://openalex.org/W7047447429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W19556443","https://openalex.org/W2138325173","https://openalex.org/W4245865985","https://openalex.org/W2059665066","https://openalex.org/W1573018491","https://openalex.org/W1481487657","https://openalex.org/W1830960377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,123,206],"linear":[1],"beam":[2],"\u2018O\u2019":[3],"type":[4],"klystrons":[5,73,100,134],"that":[6],"feature":[7],"very":[8],"high":[9,75],"output":[10,89,103,179],"power":[11,40,90,104],"(greater":[12],"than":[13,201],"several":[14],"MW)":[15],"with":[16,87,101],"an":[17,45,88,236],"efficiency":[18,76,109,143,203,230],"level":[19,85],"of":[20,28,34,48,54,98,125,130,144,183,222,231,238,260],"90%":[21],"are":[22,81,214,225],"considered":[23],"in":[24,51,133,139,204,216],"this":[25,217,249],"study.":[26],"Improvement":[27],"efficiency,":[29],"which":[30],"depicts":[31],"the":[32,38,52,66,70,96,117,142,162,229,255,258,261],"figure":[33],"merit":[35],"to":[36,41,44,83,198,247],"convert":[37],"electrical":[39],"RF,":[42],"leads":[43],"ample":[46],"amount":[47],"energy":[49],"saving":[50],"installations":[53],"particle":[55,121],"accelerators,":[56],"synchrotron":[57],"radiation":[58],"sources":[59],"and":[60,108,127,159,188,209,251,257],"other":[61],"advanced":[62],"light":[63],"sources.":[64],"Since":[65],"past":[67],"few":[68],"years,":[69,95],"high-performance":[71],"multi-beam":[72],"exhibited":[74],"by":[77,116],"lowering":[78],"perveance,":[79],"but":[80],"limited":[82],"a":[84,136,150,220],"~70%":[86],"~6":[91],"MW.":[92],"In":[93],"recent":[94],"development":[97,124],"high-efficiency":[99,262],"peak":[102],"exceeding":[105],"20":[106],"MW":[107],"ranges":[110],"from":[111],"80-90%":[112],"has":[113],"been":[114,195],"fuelled":[115],"demand":[118],"for":[119],"high-energy":[120],"accelerators.":[122],"mathematical":[126],"computer":[128,210],"models":[129],"beam-wave":[131],"interactions":[132],"plays":[135],"pivotal":[137],"role":[138],"significantly":[140],"increasing":[141],"these":[145,232,242],"devices.":[146],"This":[147,244],"paper":[148],"presents":[149],"brief":[151],"review":[152],"on":[153],"recently":[154],"emerging":[155],"bunching":[156],"formation":[157],"techniques":[158,193],"configurations,":[160],"including":[161],"Core":[163,167],"Oscillation":[164],"Method":[165,169],"(COM),":[166],"Stabilization":[168],"(CSM),":[170],"Bunch":[171],"Alignment":[172],"Collection":[173],"method":[174],"(BAC),":[175],"Kladistron":[176],"principle,":[177],"Multigap":[178],"structures,":[180],"novel":[181],"architecture":[182],"Two":[184],"Stage":[185],"Multibeam":[186],"klystrons,":[187],"related":[189],"optimization":[190],"techniques.":[191],"These":[192],"have":[194],"successfully":[196],"adopted":[197],"achieve":[199],"more":[200],"80%":[202],"klystrons.":[205,263],"background":[207],"theory":[208],"codes":[211],"utilized":[212],"globally":[213],"summarized":[215],"article.":[218],"Although":[219],"number":[221],"research":[223],"groups":[224],"working":[226],"towards":[227],"enhancing":[228],"devices,":[233],"there":[234],"is":[235],"inadequacy":[237,250],"concise":[239],"articles":[240],"presenting":[241],"efforts.":[243],"article":[245],"aims":[246],"address":[248],"also":[252],"points":[253],"out":[254],"challenges":[256],"future":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}