{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410808744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3574355","title":"IoT BotScan: Ultra-Lightweight AI Defense Against Botnet Threats","display_name":"IoT BotScan: Ultra-Lightweight AI Defense Against Botnet Threats","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410808744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3574355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3574355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3574355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3574355","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040502766","display_name":"Sapna Sadhwani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164135","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Dubai Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/05jnbme07","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sapna Sadhwani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094055289","display_name":"Urvi Kavan Modi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164135","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Dubai Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/05jnbme07","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urvi Kavan Modi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5026-6783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070580861","display_name":"Raja Muthalagu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0971-6235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164135","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Dubai Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/05jnbme07","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raja Muthalagu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0971-6235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056110230","display_name":"Pranav M. Pawar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8193-7388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164135","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - Dubai Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/05jnbme07","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135","https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranav M. Pawar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8193-7388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164135"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044789227","display_name":"Alavikunhu Panthakkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7746-0609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alavikunhu Panthakkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7746-0609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081414719","display_name":"Wathiq Mansoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-5188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wathiq Mansoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-5188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10300071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"98771","last_page":"98790"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9388586282730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6786874532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5692211389541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1858328878879547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.16537052392959595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9388586282730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6786874532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5692211389541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1858328878879547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.16537052392959595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3574355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3574355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f51254b6914d449c8fcfbee78542fa22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f51254b6914d449c8fcfbee78542fa22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 98771-98790 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3574355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3574355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2799758613","https://openalex.org/W3005260862","https://openalex.org/W3047314667","https://openalex.org/W3048529935","https://openalex.org/W3092149785","https://openalex.org/W3128098287","https://openalex.org/W3137732716","https://openalex.org/W3159151987","https://openalex.org/W3178297575","https://openalex.org/W3203601263","https://openalex.org/W4206101301","https://openalex.org/W4212768123","https://openalex.org/W4220736440","https://openalex.org/W4224240205","https://openalex.org/W4283205402","https://openalex.org/W4283724983","https://openalex.org/W4285234540","https://openalex.org/W4292158459","https://openalex.org/W4293093536","https://openalex.org/W4313326188","https://openalex.org/W4313525328","https://openalex.org/W4321327458","https://openalex.org/W4378419088","https://openalex.org/W4378976754","https://openalex.org/W4379115737","https://openalex.org/W4385059314","https://openalex.org/W4385388082","https://openalex.org/W4385624474","https://openalex.org/W4385835336","https://openalex.org/W4387237431","https://openalex.org/W4392343739","https://openalex.org/W4392397403","https://openalex.org/W4393145669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W3159690896","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W1989286518","https://openalex.org/W2945572725","https://openalex.org/W2921012173","https://openalex.org/W2758517546","https://openalex.org/W3134680667","https://openalex.org/W2804396347","https://openalex.org/W2185943007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"research":[1,124,170],"study":[2,104,150],"examines":[3],"the":[4,44,83,99,123,126,152,158,181,192],"effectiveness":[5],"of":[6,70,86,128,142,148,160,183,194],"Deep":[7],"Learning":[8,12],"(DL)":[9],"and":[10,35,61,73,91,111,119,131,176,190],"Machine":[11],"(ML)":[13],"algorithms":[14],"in":[15,68,134,180],"identifying":[16,139],"BotNet":[17,50,143,188],"attacks":[18],"within":[19],"network":[20,199],"infrastructures.":[21,200],"Various":[22],"algorithms,":[23],"including":[24],"Random":[25],"Forests":[26],"(RF),":[27],"Decision":[28],"Trees":[29],"(DT),":[30],"Convolutional":[31],"Neural":[32],"Networks":[33],"(CNN),":[34],"Long":[36],"Short-Term":[37],"Memory":[38],"(LSTM)":[39],"networks,":[40],"were":[41],"evaluated":[42],"using":[43],"N-BaIoT":[45],"dataset,":[46],"which":[47,156],"encompasses":[48],"multiple":[49],"attack":[51],"types.":[52],"The":[53,103,165],"findings":[54],"indicate":[55],"that":[56],"ML":[57],"models,":[58,96],"specifically":[59],"RF":[60,90,154],"K-Nearest":[62],"Neighbors":[63],"(KNN),":[64],"demonstrate":[65],"superior":[66],"performance":[67,137],"terms":[69],"recall,":[71],"precision,":[72],"overall":[74],"accuracy":[75,85,101],"compared":[76],"to":[77,115,162],"DL":[78,95],"methods,":[79],"with":[80],"KNN":[81],"achieving":[82],"highest":[84,100],"99.94%":[87],"followed":[88],"by":[89,138],"ETC":[92],"(99.55%).":[93],"Among":[94],"CNN":[97],"has":[98],"(86.20%).":[102],"focuses":[105],"on":[106],"multiclass":[107],"classification":[108],"(11":[109],"classes)":[110],"employs":[112],"10-fold":[113],"cross-validation":[114],"enhance":[116],"model":[117,136],"robustness":[118],"mitigate":[120],"overfitting.":[121],"Notably,":[122],"emphasizes":[125],"significance":[127],"feature":[129],"engineering":[130],"selection":[132],"techniques":[133],"enhancing":[135],"critical":[140],"indicators":[141],"activity.":[144],"A":[145],"key":[146],"contribution":[147],"this":[149,169],"is":[151],"lightweight":[153],"approach,":[155],"minimizes":[157],"number":[159],"features":[161],"reduce":[163],"complexity.":[164],"insights":[166],"gained":[167],"from":[168],"provide":[171],"valuable":[172],"information":[173],"for":[174,198],"academics":[175],"cybersecurity":[177],"practitioners,":[178],"aiding":[179],"development":[182],"proactive":[184],"defenses":[185],"against":[186],"evolving":[187],"threats":[189],"promoting":[191],"advancement":[193],"resilient":[195],"security":[196],"measures":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
