{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410737900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573721","title":"Hybrid MIMO Antennas Comprising Ultra- Wideband Frame Conjoined Two-Antenna Elements in 3.3-8.4 GHz and Low-Profile Backcover Four-Antenna Module in 6.425-8.4 GHz for 5G/6G Smartphones","display_name":"Hybrid MIMO Antennas Comprising Ultra- Wideband Frame Conjoined Two-Antenna Elements in 3.3-8.4 GHz and Low-Profile Backcover Four-Antenna Module in 6.425-8.4 GHz for 5G/6G Smartphones","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410737900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573721"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3573721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573721","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091774644","display_name":"Kin\u2010Lu Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kin-Lu Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054549125","display_name":"Chia-Ying Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Ying Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101423352","display_name":"Wanting Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7186-4594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan-Ting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","Information and Communications Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Communications Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056490352","display_name":"Wei\u2010Yu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Yu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","Information and Communications Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Communications Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091774644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":22.0899,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99030481,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"91611","last_page":"91624"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5503029227256775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4872680902481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.48154953122138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omnidirectional-antenna","display_name":"Omnidirectional antenna","score":0.4685811698436737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.46115872263908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4237367510795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39280417561531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3753493130207062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.36754336953163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3604690432548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3591253161430359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25455278158187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.08639559149742126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5503029227256775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4872680902481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.48154953122138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24027999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2176348","display_name":"Omnidirectional antenna","level":3,"score":0.4685811698436737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.46115872263908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4237367510795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39280417561531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3753493130207062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36754336953163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3604690432548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3591253161430359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25455278158187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.08639559149742126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3573721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e14ad3429d35493bb272fc464e03e7c2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e14ad3429d35493bb272fc464e03e7c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 91611-91624 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3573721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7169392837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC 113-2218-E-110-009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485683669","https://openalex.org/W2007074586","https://openalex.org/W2007651953","https://openalex.org/W2171354148","https://openalex.org/W2899342738","https://openalex.org/W2909155477","https://openalex.org/W3000680188","https://openalex.org/W3015859320","https://openalex.org/W3127144540","https://openalex.org/W3141428731","https://openalex.org/W3205311024","https://openalex.org/W3215594381","https://openalex.org/W4206251190","https://openalex.org/W4226268748","https://openalex.org/W4297812541","https://openalex.org/W4364322613","https://openalex.org/W4387448446","https://openalex.org/W4400033245","https://openalex.org/W4402980174","https://openalex.org/W4404238559","https://openalex.org/W4409985164"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3112081258","https://openalex.org/W1480343695","https://openalex.org/W2315892906","https://openalex.org/W4384026382","https://openalex.org/W98805669","https://openalex.org/W2392214114","https://openalex.org/W2792514479","https://openalex.org/W1978532702","https://openalex.org/W4211095314","https://openalex.org/W1973326588"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Each":[0],"generation":[1],"of":[2,72,83,231,296],"mobile":[3,41,97],"communications":[4],"introduces":[5,25],"new":[6,10,81],"frequency":[7],"spectrums":[8],"and":[9,171,241,261],"communication":[11,24],"systems":[12,268],"to":[13,54,122,133,215,274],"increase":[14],"user\u2019s":[15],"experienced":[16],"data":[17,57,125],"rates.":[18],"For":[19,75],"instance,":[20],"the":[21,26,45,52,60,63,70,73,80,87,105,128,148,232,238,250,256,270,287,294],"fifth-generation":[22],"(5G)":[23],"4":[27,29,37,108,114,155,172,191,200,202,212,223,258,260,266],"\u00d7":[28,107,201,222,259,265],"multi-input-multi-output":[30],"(MIMO)":[31],"system":[32],"(4":[33],"receive":[34,111],"antennas":[35,65,112,141,153,157,174,186,193,214,235,254,290,299],"for":[36,40,59,113,119,127,147,197,217,279,293],"spatial":[38,115],"streams)":[39,116],"devices":[42],"such":[43,103],"as":[44,92,104],"smartphone,":[46],"especially":[47],"in":[48,51,86,142,168,187,204,225,244,255,269,300],"3.3-5.0":[49,205],"GHz":[50,85,170,206],"mid-band,":[53],"achieve":[55,123],"increased":[56,124],"rates":[58,126],"user.":[61,129],"Also,":[62],"MIMO":[64,101,109,140,152,185,203,224,234,253,267,277,289,298],"are":[66,117,291],"generally":[67],"deployed":[68],"along":[69],"frame":[71,156,163,192],"smartphone.":[74],"future":[76,143,301],"six-generation":[77],"(6G)":[78],"communications,":[79],"spectrum":[82],"6.425-8.4":[84,188,226],"upper":[88,138,219,262],"mid-band":[89,139,199,220,257,263],"is":[90],"envisioned":[91],"a":[93,177],"potential":[94],"6G":[95,120,218],"prime":[96],"spectrum.":[98],"Additionally,":[99],"higher-order":[100],"operations":[102],"8":[106,221,264],"(8":[110],"promising":[118,292],"smartphones":[121],"In":[130],"this":[131,245],"study,":[132],"conveniently":[134],"employ":[135],"5G":[136,198],"mid-band/6G":[137],"smartphones,":[144],"we":[145],"introduce":[146],"first":[149],"time":[150],"hybrid":[151,233,252,288],"comprising":[154],"provided":[158,175],"by":[159,176,237],"two":[160],"ultra-wideband":[161],"(UWB)":[162],"conjoined":[164],"2-antenna":[165],"(FC2A)":[166],"elements":[167],"3.3-8.4":[169],"backcover":[173,179,213],"low-profile":[178],"4-antenna":[180],"(B4A)":[181],"module":[182,243],"or":[183],"modular":[184],"GHz.":[189,227],"The":[190,282],"not":[194],"only":[195],"operate":[196,216],"but":[207],"also":[208,248],"can":[209],"combine":[210],"with":[211],"We":[228,247],"address":[229],"details":[230],"formed":[236],"FC2A":[239],"element":[240],"B4A":[242],"study.":[246],"apply":[249],"fabricated":[251],"outdoor":[271],"field":[272],"test":[273],"evaluate":[275],"their":[276],"performance":[278],"5G/6G":[280,297],"smartphones.":[281,302],"results":[283],"obtained":[284],"demonstrate":[285],"that":[286],"deployment":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}