{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410737955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573313","title":"FQsun: A Configurable Wave Function-Based Quantum Emulator for Power-Efficient Quantum Simulations","display_name":"FQsun: A Configurable Wave Function-Based Quantum Emulator for Power-Efficient Quantum Simulations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410737955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3573313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573313","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037826508","display_name":"Vu Tuan Hai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2293-0968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuan Hai Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916–5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2293-0968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916–5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077262099","display_name":"Vu Trung Duong Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-3809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vu Trung Duong Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916–5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-3809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916–5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046015756","display_name":"Hoai Luan Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-0132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoai Luan Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916–5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-0132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916–5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031999970","display_name":"Quoc Chuong Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3260-9967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quoc Chuong Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3260-9967","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074853381","display_name":"Yasuhiko Nakashima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-5061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuhiko Nakashima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916–5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-5061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916–5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":3.3735,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92183048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"93271","last_page":"93286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6327787041664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5514371395111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4780077040195465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.4599657654762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.43924835324287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3492777943611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.323729932308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.21837526559829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07282516360282898}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6327787041664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5514371395111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4780077040195465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.4599657654762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43924835324287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3492777943611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.323729932308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.21837526559829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07282516360282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3573313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:96d39b9b535d4c8ab0053e02466424c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/96d39b9b535d4c8ab0053e02466424c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 93271-93286 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3573313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3573313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529902119","https://openalex.org/W2052146120","https://openalex.org/W2063988415","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2116857990","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2331258840","https://openalex.org/W2566002283","https://openalex.org/W2607213325","https://openalex.org/W2770321996","https://openalex.org/W2789114820","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3010243192","https://openalex.org/W3024586266","https://openalex.org/W3037871222","https://openalex.org/W3042468457","https://openalex.org/W3109010114","https://openalex.org/W3135510046","https://openalex.org/W3162472199","https://openalex.org/W3184624667","https://openalex.org/W3206451759","https://openalex.org/W4220747861","https://openalex.org/W4283793267","https://openalex.org/W4285126277","https://openalex.org/W4310007122","https://openalex.org/W4319729637","https://openalex.org/W4321608033","https://openalex.org/W4376630809","https://openalex.org/W4387092348","https://openalex.org/W4389159513","https://openalex.org/W4389160998","https://openalex.org/W4389373471","https://openalex.org/W4393234688","https://openalex.org/W4400995203","https://openalex.org/W4402192480","https://openalex.org/W4403325428","https://openalex.org/W4404717570","https://openalex.org/W4408199703","https://openalex.org/W4410810299","https://openalex.org/W6636444923","https://openalex.org/W6681060135","https://openalex.org/W6755964158","https://openalex.org/W6803961743","https://openalex.org/W6867467837","https://openalex.org/W6872371872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482475713","https://openalex.org/W4312852566","https://openalex.org/W4312228597","https://openalex.org/W4309047881","https://openalex.org/W2946754113","https://openalex.org/W2067607153","https://openalex.org/W4385662062","https://openalex.org/W2465118742","https://openalex.org/W1892130226","https://openalex.org/W4285497551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0,118,154,156],"computers":[1,5],"are":[2],"promising":[3,67],"powerful":[4],"for":[6,34,69],"solving":[7],"complex":[8],"problems,":[9],"but":[10],"access":[11],"to":[12,19],"real":[13],"quantum":[14,53,103],"hardware":[15],"remains":[16],"limited":[17,44,86],"due":[18],"high":[20,40,136,143],"costs.":[21],"Although":[22],"software":[23,173],"simulators":[24,174],"like":[25],"Qiskit,":[26],"ProjectQ,":[27],"and":[28,32,43,62,88,124,142,159,170],"Pennylane":[29],"offer":[30,65],"flexibility":[31,87],"support":[33],"many":[35],"qubits,":[36],"they":[37],"struggle":[38],"with":[39,148],"power":[41],"consumption":[42],"processing":[45,179],"speed,":[46,146],"particularly":[47,147],"as":[48,60],"qubit":[49],"counts":[50],"increase.":[51],"Accordingly,":[52],"emulators":[54,79],"implemented":[55,128],"on":[56,77,129,152,175],"dedicated":[57],"hardware,":[58],"such":[59],"FPGAs":[61],"analog":[63],"circuits,":[64],"a":[66,100,116,166],"path":[68],"addressing":[70],"energy":[71],"efficiency":[72],"concerns.":[73],"However,":[74],"existing":[75],"studies":[76],"hardware-based":[78],"still":[80],"face":[81],"challenges":[82],"in":[83,177],"terms":[84],"of":[85,90],"lack":[89],"fidelity":[91],"evaluation.":[92],"To":[93],"overcome":[94],"these":[95],"gaps,":[96],"we":[97],"propose":[98],"FQsun,":[99],"wave":[101],"function-based":[102],"emulator":[104],"that":[105,163],"enhances":[106],"performance":[107],"by":[108],"integrating":[109],"four":[110],"key":[111],"innovations:":[112],"efficient":[113],"memory":[114],"organization,":[115],"configurable":[117],"Gate":[119],"Unit":[120],"(QGU),":[121],"optimized":[122],"scheduling,":[123],"five":[125],"number":[126],"precisions":[127],"the":[130,178],"Xilinx":[131],"ZCU102.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"demonstrate":[135],"fidelity,":[137],"low":[138],"mean":[139],"square":[140],"error,":[141],"normalized":[144],"gate":[145],"32-bit":[149],"versions.":[150],"Benchmarking":[151],"Random":[153],"Circuits,":[155],"Fourier":[157],"Transform,":[158],"Parameter-Shift":[160],"Rule":[161],"reveals":[162],"FQsun":[164],"achieves":[165],"superior":[167],"power-delay":[168],"product":[169],"precisely,":[171],"outperforms":[172],"CPUs":[176],"speed":[180],"range.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}