{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410613962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572521","title":"Artificial Intelligence for DC Arc Fault Detection in Photovoltaic Systems: A Comprehensive Review","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence for DC Arc Fault Detection in Photovoltaic Systems: A Comprehensive Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410613962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3572521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572521","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082106429","display_name":"Kamal Chandra Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8510-6805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kamal Chandra Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8510-6805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094189629","display_name":"Disnebio Waldmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205156485","display_name":"Rohde & Schwarz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/048j11q41","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205156485"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67348948","display_name":"Bayer (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04hmn8g73","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67348948"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Disnebio Waldmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rohde &#x0026; Schwarz, M&#x00FC;nchen, Bayern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rohde &#x0026; Schwarz, M&#x00FC;nchen, Bayern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205156485","https://openalex.org/I67348948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418568","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3957-7061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Research in Computer Vision, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3957-7061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Research in Computer Vision, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070487824","display_name":"Yao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7438-8800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7438-8800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063739579","display_name":"Tiefu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-8555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiefu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-8555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082106429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.6481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94899054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"90766","last_page":"90794"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13690","display_name":"Quality and Safety in Healthcare","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.7470229864120483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5996627807617188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.519029974937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arc-fault-circuit-interrupter","display_name":"Arc-fault circuit interrupter","score":0.5112497806549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arc","display_name":"Arc (geometry)","score":0.45035940408706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.44417744874954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.327751100063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3008647561073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19241276383399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.14850559830665588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-circuit","display_name":"Short circuit","score":0.08326554298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07350963354110718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7470229864120483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5996627807617188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.519029974937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157069517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132172","display_name":"Arc-fault circuit interrupter","level":4,"score":0.5112497806549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83415579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161973","display_name":"Arc (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.45035940408706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.44417744874954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.327751100063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3008647561073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19241276383399963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.14850559830665588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68583231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206907","display_name":"Short circuit","level":3,"score":0.08326554298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07350963354110718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3572521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e9435d5f93840fa82ee38a532eb8da7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e9435d5f93840fa82ee38a532eb8da7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 90766-90794 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3572521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6730046903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PG-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317634","funder_display_name":"Center for Advanced Power Engineering Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317634","display_name":"Center for Advanced Power Engineering Research","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":130,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503196281","https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1524050595","https://openalex.org/W1582783858","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2011941440","https://openalex.org/W2020020709","https://openalex.org/W2030122933","https://openalex.org/W2039629833","https://openalex.org/W2058254050","https://openalex.org/W2073621402","https://openalex.org/W2096991872","https://openalex.org/W2098342360","https://openalex.org/W2115653043","https://openalex.org/W2119308938","https://openalex.org/W2125869136","https://openalex.org/W2132771755","https://openalex.org/W2132984323","https://openalex.org/W2157508789","https://openalex.org/W2249844806","https://openalex.org/W2296747478","https://openalex.org/W2471159162","https://openalex.org/W2542274068","https://openalex.org/W2557614792","https://openalex.org/W2557908743","https://openalex.org/W2558091148","https://openalex.org/W2573995035","https://openalex.org/W2585885232","https://openalex.org/W2755382782","https://openalex.org/W2789878874","https://openalex.org/W2805756546","https://openalex.org/W2808378779","https://openalex.org/W2900071409","https://openalex.org/W2903738303","https://openalex.org/W2908984067","https://openalex.org/W2926172260","https://openalex.org/W2939723558","https://openalex.org/W2946852793","https://openalex.org/W2950619806","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2964349401","https://openalex.org/W2988105327","https://openalex.org/W2991592654","https://openalex.org/W3003864893","https://openalex.org/W3006920857","https://openalex.org/W3012637772","https://openalex.org/W3015662214","https://openalex.org/W3034368386","https://openalex.org/W3035447909","https://openalex.org/W3048463125","https://openalex.org/W3080240607","https://openalex.org/W3080376411","https://openalex.org/W3082299565","https://openalex.org/W3093557406","https://openalex.org/W3104597256","https://openalex.org/W3109321937","https://openalex.org/W3111532904","https://openalex.org/W3115225421","https://openalex.org/W3115927263","https://openalex.org/W3117593043","https://openalex.org/W3118764828","https://openalex.org/W3128214053","https://openalex.org/W3138154797","https://openalex.org/W3144184193","https://openalex.org/W3158216587","https://openalex.org/W3177367985","https://openalex.org/W3184612210","https://openalex.org/W3190171433","https://openalex.org/W3194787205","https://openalex.org/W3204138030","https://openalex.org/W3204644227","https://openalex.org/W3205379079","https://openalex.org/W3217631125","https://openalex.org/W4200443982","https://openalex.org/W4205391559","https://openalex.org/W4205584319","https://openalex.org/W4206555445","https://openalex.org/W4213433538","https://openalex.org/W4214687991","https://openalex.org/W4223986110","https://openalex.org/W4225647516","https://openalex.org/W4226541469","https://openalex.org/W4248249472","https://openalex.org/W4280500134","https://openalex.org/W4280582187","https://openalex.org/W4282923253","https://openalex.org/W4286372664","https://openalex.org/W4290997737","https://openalex.org/W4293145945","https://openalex.org/W4295956177","https://openalex.org/W4296425719","https://openalex.org/W4296473538","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4310193707","https://openalex.org/W4310449507","https://openalex.org/W4310449730","https://openalex.org/W4310502479","https://openalex.org/W4310880519","https://openalex.org/W4312827267","https://openalex.org/W4317038568","https://openalex.org/W4320058981","https://openalex.org/W4322706886","https://openalex.org/W4323354035","https://openalex.org/W4327663241","https://openalex.org/W4377231429","https://openalex.org/W4378842965","https://openalex.org/W4384472178","https://openalex.org/W4389041097","https://openalex.org/W4389265550","https://openalex.org/W4391071096","https://openalex.org/W4391422542","https://openalex.org/W4391450442","https://openalex.org/W4393170814","https://openalex.org/W4399245888","https://openalex.org/W4399531500","https://openalex.org/W4400314377","https://openalex.org/W4404954020","https://openalex.org/W4405222754","https://openalex.org/W4405784897","https://openalex.org/W4405987108","https://openalex.org/W4407160059","https://openalex.org/W4407316507","https://openalex.org/W4407687776","https://openalex.org/W4408254226","https://openalex.org/W4408307582","https://openalex.org/W6603269893","https://openalex.org/W6634674038","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6784071189","https://openalex.org/W6908491120"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2798569283","https://openalex.org/W2137780917","https://openalex.org/W4361855252","https://openalex.org/W1982460678","https://openalex.org/W2357784726","https://openalex.org/W4388647533","https://openalex.org/W2390695630","https://openalex.org/W2808351707","https://openalex.org/W2320386705","https://openalex.org/W2997575716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photovoltaic":[0],"(PV)":[1],"systems":[2],"are":[3,132],"increasingly":[4],"used":[5],"for":[6,77,181],"renewable":[7],"energy":[8],"generation":[9],"but":[10],"remain":[11],"vulnerable":[12],"to":[13,35,123,152,176],"series":[14,78],"arc":[15,79,178],"faults,":[16],"which":[17],"can":[18],"cause":[19],"serious":[20],"safety":[21],"risks":[22],"and":[23,40,47,96,109,113,144,156,161,167,172,183],"system":[24,46],"failures.":[25],"Detecting":[26],"these":[27],"faults":[28],"in":[29,56,63,82,146],"DC":[30],"circuits":[31],"is":[32],"challenging":[33],"due":[34],"their":[36,107],"subtle":[37],"electrical":[38],"signatures":[39],"the":[41,125,165],"presence":[42],"of":[43,58,74,104,169],"noise":[44],"from":[45],"environmental":[48],"sources.":[49],"Traditional":[50],"detection":[51,81,128,180],"methods":[52],"often":[53],"fall":[54],"short":[55],"terms":[57],"accuracy,":[59],"prompting":[60],"growing":[61],"interest":[62],"artificial":[64],"intelligence":[65],"(AI)-based":[66],"solutions.":[67],"This":[68,149],"review":[69,117],"provides":[70],"a":[71,101,120],"comprehensive":[72],"analysis":[73],"AI-based":[75,127],"techniques":[76],"fault":[80,179],"PV":[83,186],"systems,":[84],"covering":[85],"key":[86],"aspects":[87],"such":[88,138],"as":[89,139],"data":[90],"preprocessing,":[91],"feature":[92],"extraction,":[93],"model":[94],"optimization,":[95],"hardware":[97],"implementation.":[98],"It":[99],"presents":[100],"structured":[102],"comparison":[103],"existing":[105],"methods\u2014including":[106],"strengths,":[108],"limitations\u2014through":[110],"descriptive":[111],"discussion":[112],"summary":[114],"tables.":[115],"The":[116],"also":[118],"includes":[119],"simplified":[121],"flowchart":[122],"illustrate":[124],"typical":[126],"process.":[129],"Key":[130],"challenges":[131],"discussed,":[133],"along":[134],"with":[135],"future":[136],"directions":[137],"hybrid":[140],"models,":[141],"transfer":[142],"learning,":[143],"deployment":[145],"resource-constrained":[147],"environments.":[148],"work":[150],"aims":[151],"support":[153],"continued":[154],"research":[155],"development":[157],"by":[158],"helping":[159],"researchers":[160],"engineers":[162],"better":[163],"understand":[164],"strengths":[166],"limitations":[168],"current":[170],"approaches":[171],"identify":[173],"practical":[174],"ways":[175],"improve":[177],"safer":[182],"more":[184],"reliable":[185],"systems.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T09:01:20.584952","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
