{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410582420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572358","title":"Sto-CAV: A Distributed Simulation Platform for Connected and Automated Vehicles Running With Heterogeneous Technologies and Devices in the Loop","display_name":"Sto-CAV: A Distributed Simulation Platform for Connected and Automated Vehicles Running With Heterogeneous Technologies and Devices in the Loop","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410582420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3572358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572358","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009999444","display_name":"Barbara M. Masini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-1985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara M. Masini","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (CNR-IEIIT), Bologna (BO), Italy","National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (CNR-IEIIT), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-1985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (CNR-IEIIT), Bologna (BO), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (CNR-IEIIT), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064801859","display_name":"Mirko Mirabella","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirko Mirabella","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (CNR-IEIIT), Bologna (BO), Italy","National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (CNR-IEIIT), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (CNR-IEIIT), Bologna (BO), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (CNR-IEIIT), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117630025","display_name":"Leonardo Donnini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Donnini","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT/WiLab, Parma, Italy","CNIT/Wilab, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT/WiLab, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT/Wilab, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083288688","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Umair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-9679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Umair","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy","National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075427316","display_name":"Marco Meucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0497-1408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Meucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy","National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0497-1408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023824185","display_name":"M. Aresti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-6787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauro Aresti","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy","National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-6787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076387192","display_name":"Jacopo Catani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2951-7041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacopo Catani","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy","National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2951-7041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (Cnr), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6388,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8949379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"93949","last_page":"93963"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9581000208854675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9498000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6622973084449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","score":0.6085041165351868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.43801575899124146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4324544668197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3582313656806946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6622973084449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6085041165351868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.43801575899124146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4324544668197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3582313656806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3572358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec110264b8004f32b2741b850fa8a1f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec110264b8004f32b2741b850fa8a1f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 93949-93963 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:16893341","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3572358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 13(2025), (2025-08-18)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3572358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3572358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084139095","https://openalex.org/W2179507976","https://openalex.org/W2285000253","https://openalex.org/W2761519692","https://openalex.org/W2767699007","https://openalex.org/W2797006596","https://openalex.org/W2931488512","https://openalex.org/W2980950226","https://openalex.org/W2988067480","https://openalex.org/W3000642886","https://openalex.org/W3001253616","https://openalex.org/W3015813695","https://openalex.org/W3044778743","https://openalex.org/W3096625689","https://openalex.org/W3103190979","https://openalex.org/W3114087848","https://openalex.org/W3115206500","https://openalex.org/W3116400586","https://openalex.org/W3122443285","https://openalex.org/W3129754346","https://openalex.org/W3154349959","https://openalex.org/W3197024227","https://openalex.org/W4200315988","https://openalex.org/W4205905002","https://openalex.org/W4206446625","https://openalex.org/W4283646766","https://openalex.org/W4290703456","https://openalex.org/W4308600690","https://openalex.org/W4378647823","https://openalex.org/W4378648090","https://openalex.org/W4385655755","https://openalex.org/W4391331181","https://openalex.org/W4392523567","https://openalex.org/W4398195451","https://openalex.org/W4401808795","https://openalex.org/W6756777732","https://openalex.org/W6762586848","https://openalex.org/W6839730900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W24774503","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"and":[2,17,31,37,45,50,58,91,122,141,150],"validation":[3],"of":[4,99,118,125,152,161],"vehicular":[5,102,136],"applications":[6,151],"require":[7],"extensive":[8],"testing,":[9],"often":[10],"constrained":[11],"by":[12],"high":[13],"costs,":[14],"logistical":[15],"challenges,":[16],"safety":[18],"concerns.":[19],"To":[20],"address":[21],"these":[22],"issues,":[23],"we":[24],"introduce":[25],"Sto-CAV":[26,54,76,115],"(SimulaTiOn":[27],"platform":[28,40],"for":[29,48,134,175],"Connected":[30],"Automated":[32],"Vehicles),":[33],"a":[34,131],"novel,":[35],"flexible,":[36],"scalable":[38],"simulation":[39],"that":[41],"enables":[42],"remote":[43,120],"access":[44,82],"modular":[46],"testing":[47,135,160],"connected":[49],"automated":[51],"vehicle":[52,163],"applications.":[53,178],"integrates":[55],"both":[56],"virtual":[57],"physical":[59],"components":[60],"geographically":[61,169],"distributed,":[62,170],"allowing":[63,171],"users":[64],"to":[65,139,157],"execute":[66],"simulations":[67],"without":[68],"requiring":[69],"local":[70],"hardware":[71],"or":[72],"software.":[73],"In":[74],"addition,":[75],"supports":[77],"heterogeneous":[78,126],"vehicle-to-everything":[79],"(V2X)":[80],"radio":[81],"technologies,":[83,128,164],"including":[84],"ITS-G5":[85],"based":[86],"on":[87],"IEEE":[88],"802.11p,":[89],"LTE-V2X":[90],"Visible":[92],"Light":[93],"Communication":[94],"(VLC),":[95],"facilitating":[96],"the":[97,123,147,159],"test":[98],"beyond":[100],"5G":[101],"communication":[103,127],"scenarios":[104],"where":[105],"traditional":[106],"RF":[107],"communications":[108],"meet":[109],"optical":[110],"bands.":[111],"Unlike":[112],"existing":[113],"solutions,":[114],"emphasizes":[116],"ease":[117],"configuration,":[119],"accessibility,":[121],"integration":[124],"thus":[129],"providing":[130],"comprehensive":[132],"tool":[133],"systems,":[137],"accessible":[138],"researchers":[140],"developers":[142],"worldwide.":[143],"This":[144],"paper":[145],"details":[146],"design,":[148],"capabilities,":[149],"Sto-CAV,":[153],"highlighting":[154],"its":[155],"potential":[156],"advance":[158],"innovative":[162],"also":[165],"when":[166],"they":[167],"are":[168],"average":[172],"latencies":[173],"suitable":[174],"quasi-real":[176],"time":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}