{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410582221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571591","title":"Development of a Human Performance Baseline of Lay Error in Targeting","display_name":"Development of a Human Performance Baseline of Lay Error in Targeting","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410582221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571591","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056462004","display_name":"Thirimachos Bourlai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8751-0836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thirimachos Bourlai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8751-0836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114731187","display_name":"Parker Ensing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parker Ensing","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117629971","display_name":"Alexia Toma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexia Toma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057514876","display_name":"Victor Philippe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Philippe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2715-9664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044027127","display_name":"Jennifer Forsythe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9819-3175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800475051","display_name":"CECOM Software Engineering Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044webc45","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800475051","https://openalex.org/I4405253748","https://openalex.org/I4405254906"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115724","display_name":"U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/021bcyf85","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210115724"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Forsythe","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army DEVCOM Analysis Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA","US Army DEVCOM Analysis Center Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9819-3175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army DEVCOM Analysis Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2800475051","https://openalex.org/I4210115724"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Army DEVCOM Analysis Center Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114731185","display_name":"Cody L. Lundberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9451-3074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cody L. Lundberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9451-3074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061986744","display_name":"Nicholas Gans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas R. Gans","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-4199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20214568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"91182","last_page":"91199"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13690","display_name":"Quality and Safety in Healthcare","score":0.21699999272823334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13690","display_name":"Quality and Safety in Healthcare","score":0.21699999272823334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.7346409559249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6014888286590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08259442448616028}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.7346409559249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6014888286590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08259442448616028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6a51aced73e64c6fa554d68c4989276c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6a51aced73e64c6fa554d68c4989276c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 91182-91199 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G299378114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911QX-23-D0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337807","funder_display_name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337807","display_name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159427445","https://openalex.org/W210689791","https://openalex.org/W223913154","https://openalex.org/W241558960","https://openalex.org/W291897303","https://openalex.org/W1514242552","https://openalex.org/W1521804923","https://openalex.org/W1800215635","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1972089560","https://openalex.org/W2005993116","https://openalex.org/W2006566403","https://openalex.org/W2024665095","https://openalex.org/W2035149258","https://openalex.org/W2036887984","https://openalex.org/W2041282815","https://openalex.org/W2091631669","https://openalex.org/W2102567944","https://openalex.org/W2131680873","https://openalex.org/W2139224138","https://openalex.org/W2166153526","https://openalex.org/W2166567848","https://openalex.org/W2179427518","https://openalex.org/W2263676167","https://openalex.org/W2314046074","https://openalex.org/W2513347233","https://openalex.org/W2539108539","https://openalex.org/W2727420541","https://openalex.org/W2735366477","https://openalex.org/W2756351684","https://openalex.org/W2765816541","https://openalex.org/W2773802630","https://openalex.org/W2922589286","https://openalex.org/W2947513021","https://openalex.org/W2967482815","https://openalex.org/W2968843615","https://openalex.org/W3004518609","https://openalex.org/W3014229799","https://openalex.org/W3096106529","https://openalex.org/W4241780302","https://openalex.org/W4285166090","https://openalex.org/W4285302516","https://openalex.org/W4294068657","https://openalex.org/W4295886586","https://openalex.org/W4312635171","https://openalex.org/W4378228468","https://openalex.org/W4382365546","https://openalex.org/W4404370992","https://openalex.org/W4404572851","https://openalex.org/W6602276353","https://openalex.org/W6609005980","https://openalex.org/W6610489354","https://openalex.org/W6614288696","https://openalex.org/W6631707148","https://openalex.org/W6636209029","https://openalex.org/W6638939885","https://openalex.org/W6754927085","https://openalex.org/W6758967792","https://openalex.org/W6768439504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513","https://openalex.org/W2913146933","https://openalex.org/W2372385138","https://openalex.org/W4296359239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"pursued":[2],"two":[3],"key":[4],"objectives:":[5],"first,":[6],"to":[7,33,108,165,223],"create":[8],"an":[9],"advanced":[10],"model":[11,56],"that":[12,140,172,243],"accurately":[13],"represents":[14],"a":[15,26,53,68,126,132],"human\u2019s":[16],"precision":[17],"in":[18,200],"aligning":[19],"sight":[20],"crosshairs":[21,118],"with":[22,178],"the":[23,103,166,174,193,196,201,219,231],"center":[24],"of":[25,86,92,97,128,134,151,195,218],"target,":[27,224],"otherwise":[28],"known":[29],"aslay":[30],"error;":[31],"second,":[32],"investigate":[34],"how":[35],"various":[36,122],"engagement":[37],"conditions":[38],"(such":[39],"as":[40,113],"target":[41,179,226],"shape,":[42],"size,":[43],"range,":[44],"and":[45,50,94,101,161,181,187,228],"motion)":[46],"influence":[47],"lay":[48,110,152,175],"error":[49,55,111,153,176],"determine":[51],"whether":[52],"single":[54],"could":[57],"be":[58],"reliably":[59],"applied":[60],"across":[61],"different":[62,79,136],"targets.":[63],"To":[64],"address":[65],"these":[66],"objectives,":[67],"photo-realistic":[69],"simulation":[70,104],"environment":[71,105],"using":[72],"Unreal":[73],"Engine":[74],"was":[75,106],"developed":[76],"featuring":[77],"four":[78,81,84,88,95],"targets,":[80],"motion":[82],"configurations,":[83],"levels":[85,91,96],"zoom,":[87],"ranges,":[89],"three":[90,135],"contrast,":[93],"obstructions.":[98],"After":[99,146],"prototyping":[100],"evaluation,":[102],"used":[107],"collect":[109],"metrics":[112],"110":[114],"IRB-approved":[115],"subjects":[116,197,237],"aligned":[117],"on":[119,184,189],"targets":[120,186,191],"under":[121],"conditions.":[123],"Subjects":[124],"fired":[125],"total":[127],"11,088":[129],"shots":[130,209,233],"throughout":[131],"set":[133],"data":[137,147],"collection":[138],"sessions":[139],"were":[141,154,234],"completed":[142],"over":[143],"10":[144,212],"months.":[145],"collection,":[148],"statistical":[149],"analyses":[150],"conducted":[155],"including":[156],"fitting":[157],"non-Gaussian":[158],"distribution":[159],"functions":[160],"applying":[162],"Fitts\u2019":[163],"Law":[164],"targeting":[167],"analysis.":[168],"Experimental":[169],"results":[170],"show":[171],"(a)":[173],"changes":[177],"type":[180],"is":[182,210],"greater":[183],"closer":[185],"lower":[188],"farther":[190],"for":[192,207,214],"majority":[194],"who":[198],"participated":[199],"study;":[202],"(b)":[203],"The":[204],"firing":[205],"time":[206],"most":[208,215],"below":[211],"seconds":[213],"subjects,":[216],"independent":[217],"test":[220],"conditions,":[221],"distance":[222],"or":[225],"type;":[227],"(c)":[229],"although":[230],"subjects\u2019":[232],"mostly":[235],"accurate,":[236],"occasionally":[238],"had":[239],"significant":[240],"errors":[241],"(outliers)":[242],"merit":[244],"deeper":[245],"consideration.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}