{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410491730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571437","title":"A Transfer Learning-Based Framework for Enhanced Classification of Perceived Mental Stress Using EEG Spectrograms","display_name":"A Transfer Learning-Based Framework for Enhanced Classification of Perceived Mental Stress Using EEG Spectrograms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410491730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571437","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101149359","display_name":"Sheharyar Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0261-9642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sheharyar Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0261-9642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026262902","display_name":"Sadam Hussain Noorani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29698356","display_name":"HITEC University","ror":"https://ror.org/013d87239","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadam Hussain Noorani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29698356"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041673632","display_name":"Jaroslav Frnda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-3087"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaroslav Frnda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of &#x017D;ilina, &#x017D;ilina, Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-3087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of &#x017D;ilina, &#x017D;ilina, Slovakia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054179624","display_name":"Usman Rauf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9666-8592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Rauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9666-8592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086264001","display_name":"Aamir Arsalan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7377-116X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6292670","display_name":"Fatima Jinnah Women University","ror":"https://ror.org/009026n40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6292670"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aamir Arsalan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7377-116X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6292670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016198678","display_name":"Sanay Muhammad Umar Saeed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanay Muhammad Umar Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-1596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101149359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.1196,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98419442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"89266","last_page":"89286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.9279441833496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.7074108123779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6732376217842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6684548854827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.6021712422370911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-stress","display_name":"Mental stress","score":0.525352418422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4701024889945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42908498644828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4210337996482849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3212079405784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2935199737548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09850466251373291}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.9279441833496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.7074108123779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6732376217842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6684548854827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6021712422370911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984493583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500368","display_name":"Mental stress","level":2,"score":0.525352418422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4701024889945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42908498644828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4210337996482849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3212079405784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2935199737548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09850466251373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:97795986f9ac4ee5b6aec294d690e0e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/97795986f9ac4ee5b6aec294d690e0e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 89266-89286 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69778508","https://openalex.org/W889199993","https://openalex.org/W1823270122","https://openalex.org/W2053883542","https://openalex.org/W2086195034","https://openalex.org/W2108754912","https://openalex.org/W2111181238","https://openalex.org/W2131604958","https://openalex.org/W2157301382","https://openalex.org/W2159289539","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2276724012","https://openalex.org/W2289037300","https://openalex.org/W2486806851","https://openalex.org/W2528351778","https://openalex.org/W2586862707","https://openalex.org/W2595271178","https://openalex.org/W2622585104","https://openalex.org/W2732051544","https://openalex.org/W2733268233","https://openalex.org/W2752019106","https://openalex.org/W2893507900","https://openalex.org/W2904559787","https://openalex.org/W2906303928","https://openalex.org/W2913095566","https://openalex.org/W2916033447","https://openalex.org/W2920993113","https://openalex.org/W2941146140","https://openalex.org/W2953666947","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2980025640","https://openalex.org/W2992876871","https://openalex.org/W3013348605","https://openalex.org/W3020649347","https://openalex.org/W3029452075","https://openalex.org/W3029515386","https://openalex.org/W3090384351","https://openalex.org/W3091775472","https://openalex.org/W3093549784","https://openalex.org/W3096503632","https://openalex.org/W3097933861","https://openalex.org/W3118831461","https://openalex.org/W3126870415","https://openalex.org/W3130743277","https://openalex.org/W3153885991","https://openalex.org/W3156950948","https://openalex.org/W3167394498","https://openalex.org/W3179585071","https://openalex.org/W3180023319","https://openalex.org/W3181242778","https://openalex.org/W3199708950","https://openalex.org/W4206221039","https://openalex.org/W4213426880","https://openalex.org/W4214875479","https://openalex.org/W4280549527","https://openalex.org/W4281400032","https://openalex.org/W4285799214","https://openalex.org/W4293385626","https://openalex.org/W4298149657","https://openalex.org/W4307189187","https://openalex.org/W4366579427","https://openalex.org/W4367181541","https://openalex.org/W4378976857","https://openalex.org/W4385514716","https://openalex.org/W4386524668","https://openalex.org/W4387096557","https://openalex.org/W4389933882","https://openalex.org/W4390971040","https://openalex.org/W4392157443","https://openalex.org/W4392536393","https://openalex.org/W4392811705","https://openalex.org/W4396765624","https://openalex.org/W4398198271","https://openalex.org/W4406278463","https://openalex.org/W4408185196","https://openalex.org/W6602745478","https://openalex.org/W6630034913","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6771283216","https://openalex.org/W6781446046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W4402568167","https://openalex.org/W2942893872","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W2897924318","https://openalex.org/W2138997758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stress":[0],"is":[1,144],"a":[2,27,34,66,86],"significant":[3],"health":[4,21,195],"concern,":[5],"impacting":[6],"both":[7],"physical":[8,20],"and":[9,26,106,113,129,133,151,197],"mental":[10,40,168,194],"well-being.":[11],"Prolonged":[12],"exposure":[13],"to":[14,18,96,147],"stress":[15,41,110,135,156,169,187],"can":[16,181],"lead":[17],"numerous":[19],"issues,":[22],"including":[23],"cardiovascular":[24],"diseases,":[25],"weakened":[28],"immune":[29],"system.":[30],"This":[31,142],"study":[32,143],"presents":[33],"novel":[35],"methodology":[36],"for":[37,53,108,131,154],"classifying":[38,109],"perceived":[39,155,167],"using":[42,78],"electroencephalography":[43],"(EEG)":[44],"signals.":[45],"By":[46],"utilizing":[47],"the":[48,79,90,120,145,159,178,184],"publicly":[49],"available":[50],"Leipzig":[51],"Study":[52],"Mind-Body-Emotion":[54],"Interactions":[55],"dataset,":[56],"we":[57],"analyze":[58],"EEG":[59,74,172],"data":[60],"collected":[61],"from":[62],"53":[63],"participants":[64],"over":[65],"7-minute":[67],"resting-state":[68],"duration.":[69],"Our":[70,116,174],"approach":[71],"involves":[72],"transforming":[73],"signals":[75],"into":[76,111],"spectrograms":[77,150],"Short-Time":[80],"Fourier":[81],"Transform":[82],"(STFT),":[83],"resulting":[84],"in":[85,165,193],"time-frequency":[87],"representation":[88],"of":[89,127,161,186],"input":[91],"signals.We":[92],"employ":[93],"transfer":[94,152],"learning":[95,153,163],"fine-tune":[97],"three":[98,114],"pre-trained":[99],"deep":[100,162],"neural":[101],"networks":[102],"i.e.,":[103],"ResNet50,":[104],"EfficientNetB0,":[105],"DenseNet121":[107],"two":[112,132],"levels.":[115],"findings":[117],"demonstrate":[118],"that":[119,177],"ResNet50":[121],"model":[122],"achieves":[123],"superior":[124],"classification":[125,188],"accuracies":[126],"95.80%":[128],"86.02%":[130],"three-level":[134],"classification,":[136,157],"respectively,":[137],"outperforming":[138],"existing":[139],"state-of-the-art":[140],"methods.":[141],"first":[146],"utilize":[148],"STFT-generated":[149],"highlighting":[158],"efficacy":[160],"techniques":[164],"quantifying":[166],"through":[170],"non-invasive":[171],"recordings.":[173],"results":[175],"indicate":[176],"proposed":[179],"method":[180],"significantly":[182],"enhance":[183],"accuracy":[185],"frameworks,":[189],"offering":[190],"potential":[191],"improvements":[192],"assessment":[196],"intervention":[198],"strategies.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T09:21:14.243279","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
