{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410491682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571307","title":"Security in Post-Quantum Era: A Comprehensive Survey on Lattice-Based Algorithms","display_name":"Security in Post-Quantum Era: A Comprehensive Survey on Lattice-Based Algorithms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410491682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571307","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037340964","display_name":"Hien D. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9958-432X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hien Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034847396","display_name":"Samsul Huda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1046-0804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163770644","display_name":"Okayama University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pc6pc55","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samsul Huda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Education and Research Field, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Education and Research Field, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113322490","display_name":"Yasuyuki Nogami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163770644","display_name":"Okayama University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pc6pc55","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuyuki Nogami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055619213","display_name":"Tuy Tan Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-7720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuy Tan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037340964"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":43.0886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99751598,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"89003","last_page":"89024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6245379447937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.4957088232040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice","display_name":"Lattice (music)","score":0.4650878310203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42932072281837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3845469057559967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37846964597702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15200775861740112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.1405591070652008}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6245379447937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.4957088232040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.4650878310203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42932072281837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3845469057559967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37846964597702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15200775861740112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1405591070652008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EPrintsOUDIR.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp:69306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/69306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196325","display_name":"Okayama University Scientific Achievement Repository (Okayama University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I163770644","host_organization_name":"Okayama University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4296a37418ba446681d6a3598a60defa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4296a37418ba446681d6a3598a60defa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 89003-89024 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01081:0006927413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/69306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W236632755","https://openalex.org/W1487564550","https://openalex.org/W1489428148","https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W1558426510","https://openalex.org/W1582291092","https://openalex.org/W1675339804","https://openalex.org/W1864052579","https://openalex.org/W1964440130","https://openalex.org/W1971639510","https://openalex.org/W1992282993","https://openalex.org/W1992490934","https://openalex.org/W2011221952","https://openalex.org/W2038076624","https://openalex.org/W2042872772","https://openalex.org/W2061139471","https://openalex.org/W2068509473","https://openalex.org/W2082607655","https://openalex.org/W2109387501","https://openalex.org/W2144645218","https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2159226773","https://openalex.org/W2165148376","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2282438517","https://openalex.org/W2315723423","https://openalex.org/W2372104937","https://openalex.org/W2395302807","https://openalex.org/W2415881634","https://openalex.org/W2745701560","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2778213072","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2787062429","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2800424116","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2911299175","https://openalex.org/W2912133665","https://openalex.org/W2913467546","https://openalex.org/W2913851998","https://openalex.org/W2952334088","https://openalex.org/W2968953378","https://openalex.org/W2989679689","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3048936228","https://openalex.org/W3065439923","https://openalex.org/W3086240932","https://openalex.org/W3112590980","https://openalex.org/W3127262904","https://openalex.org/W3158031137","https://openalex.org/W3182478132","https://openalex.org/W3187954618","https://openalex.org/W3199611950","https://openalex.org/W3205147040","https://openalex.org/W3216234213","https://openalex.org/W3217272717","https://openalex.org/W4281476898","https://openalex.org/W4286542608","https://openalex.org/W4292607296","https://openalex.org/W4293143765","https://openalex.org/W4296079666","https://openalex.org/W4296842505","https://openalex.org/W4307823778","https://openalex.org/W4312068200","https://openalex.org/W4313066083","https://openalex.org/W4313476770","https://openalex.org/W4313555473","https://openalex.org/W4313855966","https://openalex.org/W4319430568","https://openalex.org/W4321488722","https://openalex.org/W4362714373","https://openalex.org/W4377969865","https://openalex.org/W4383899661","https://openalex.org/W4385187193","https://openalex.org/W4385237357","https://openalex.org/W4385327521","https://openalex.org/W4385756739","https://openalex.org/W4385805359","https://openalex.org/W4386178380","https://openalex.org/W4387129556","https://openalex.org/W4387129570","https://openalex.org/W4387682350","https://openalex.org/W4389154922","https://openalex.org/W4389252478","https://openalex.org/W4390097821","https://openalex.org/W4390429986","https://openalex.org/W4391682405","https://openalex.org/W4392309219","https://openalex.org/W4393252756","https://openalex.org/W4393390709","https://openalex.org/W4394698520","https://openalex.org/W4399669070","https://openalex.org/W4399800831","https://openalex.org/W4400488260","https://openalex.org/W4402186983","https://openalex.org/W4402978063","https://openalex.org/W4403277117","https://openalex.org/W4403291154","https://openalex.org/W4403446716","https://openalex.org/W4406256860","https://openalex.org/W4408862684","https://openalex.org/W6770380337","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6783409438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W4409439182","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W2052122378","https://openalex.org/W2544423928","https://openalex.org/W2062023542"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lattice-based":[0],"post-quantum":[1,181],"cryptography":[2,127],"(PQC)":[3],"has":[4],"attracted":[5],"significant":[6],"attention":[7],"as":[8,100,102,131,176],"a":[9,68,148,180],"promising":[10],"solution":[11],"to":[12,28,161,179],"the":[13,33,122,152,166,174],"security":[14,80],"challenges":[15],"posed":[16],"by":[17],"quantum":[18,36],"computing.":[19],"Unlike":[20],"traditional":[21],"cryptographic":[22],"algorithms,":[23],"lattice-based":[24,50,73,85,126,156],"schemes":[25,51],"are":[26],"expected":[27],"remain":[29],"secure":[30,132],"even":[31],"in":[32,57,128,173],"face":[34,52],"of":[35,125,151,155],"attacks,":[37],"making":[38],"them":[39],"essential":[40],"for":[41,62],"future-proofing":[42],"data":[43,137],"security.":[44],"Despite":[45],"their":[46,114],"strong":[47],"theoretical":[48],"foundations,":[49],"several":[53],"practical":[54,123],"challenges,":[55],"particularly":[56],"optimizing":[58],"performance":[59],"and":[60,79,96,109,116,141,143,169],"scalability":[61],"real-world":[63],"applications.":[64],"This":[65],"survey":[66,159],"provides":[67],"novel":[69],"taxonomy":[70],"that":[71],"categorizes":[72],"PQC":[74,86],"designs,":[75],"emphasizing":[76],"computational":[77],"paradigms":[78],"considerations.":[81],"We":[82],"systematically":[83],"evaluated":[84],"implementations":[87],"on":[88],"both":[89],"software":[90],"platforms,":[91],"including":[92],"central":[93],"processing":[94,98],"units":[95],"graphics":[97],"units,":[99],"well":[101],"hardware":[103],"platforms":[104],"like":[105],"field-programmable":[106],"gate":[107],"arrays":[108],"application-specific":[110],"integrated":[111],"circuits,":[112],"highlighting":[113],"strengths":[115],"limitations.":[117],"In":[118],"addition,":[119],"we":[120,177],"explored":[121],"applications":[124],"fields":[129],"such":[130],"communication,":[133],"critical":[134],"infrastructure,":[135],"privacy-preserving":[136],"analytics,":[138],"artificial":[139],"intelligence,":[140],"trust":[142],"authentication":[144],"systems.":[145],"By":[146],"offering":[147],"comprehensive":[149],"overview":[150],"current":[153],"state":[154],"PQC,":[157],"this":[158],"aims":[160],"provide":[162],"valuable":[163],"insights":[164],"into":[165],"ongoing":[167],"advancements":[168],"future":[170],"research":[171],"directions":[172],"field":[175],"transition":[178],"era.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}