{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410491832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571205","title":"From LLMs to Randomness: Analyzing Program Input Efficacy With Resource and Language Metrics","display_name":"From LLMs to Randomness: Analyzing Program Input Efficacy With Resource and Language Metrics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410491832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571205","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113355101","display_name":"Gavin Black","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-6553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125467818","display_name":"Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/016yv6y68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gavin Black","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-6553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045799556","display_name":"Eric Yocam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-3867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125467818","display_name":"Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/016yv6y68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Yocam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-3867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107611156","display_name":"Varghese Vaidyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-242X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125467818","display_name":"Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/016yv6y68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varghese Mathew Vaidyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-242X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018848498","display_name":"Gurcan Comert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-5013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gurcan Comert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-5013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101496890","display_name":"Yong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-4847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125467818","display_name":"Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/016yv6y68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-4847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beacom College of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13865913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"87928","last_page":"87940"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.693568229675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.6569820046424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5344575643539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16501161456108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11050164699554443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.693568229675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.6569820046424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5344575643539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16501161456108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11050164699554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6b490482220407782fbde0ac691c808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6b490482220407782fbde0ac691c808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 87928-87940 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3571205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3571205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1184354083","https://openalex.org/W1496462336","https://openalex.org/W1536719639","https://openalex.org/W1978135938","https://openalex.org/W2002239455","https://openalex.org/W2106830965","https://openalex.org/W2110064215","https://openalex.org/W2166481425","https://openalex.org/W2209100941","https://openalex.org/W2293040502","https://openalex.org/W2394587280","https://openalex.org/W2527026828","https://openalex.org/W2886014761","https://openalex.org/W2898689050","https://openalex.org/W2940243450","https://openalex.org/W2946794439","https://openalex.org/W2950856799","https://openalex.org/W2963804422","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2978631110","https://openalex.org/W3001307185","https://openalex.org/W3018036994","https://openalex.org/W3019428952","https://openalex.org/W3049735680","https://openalex.org/W3104669416","https://openalex.org/W3105580002","https://openalex.org/W3115444580","https://openalex.org/W3129322645","https://openalex.org/W3211801722","https://openalex.org/W4210660460","https://openalex.org/W4220747123","https://openalex.org/W4225608795","https://openalex.org/W4226396395","https://openalex.org/W4256097057","https://openalex.org/W4297679075","https://openalex.org/W4301021743","https://openalex.org/W4308641648","https://openalex.org/W4308945382","https://openalex.org/W4321649710","https://openalex.org/W4378591002","https://openalex.org/W4384389802","https://openalex.org/W4386569390","https://openalex.org/W4389519352","https://openalex.org/W4390490761","https://openalex.org/W4390723549","https://openalex.org/W4392240262","https://openalex.org/W4394769544","https://openalex.org/W4403674658","https://openalex.org/W6753645039","https://openalex.org/W6756303580","https://openalex.org/W6782130387","https://openalex.org/W6850202480","https://openalex.org/W6854475153","https://openalex.org/W6860618848","https://openalex.org/W6861295083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3034924094","https://openalex.org/W3094954546","https://openalex.org/W1488708774","https://openalex.org/W1982811510","https://openalex.org/W4391100477","https://openalex.org/W2402189625","https://openalex.org/W4327779705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Security-focused":[0],"program":[1,19],"testing":[2,153],"typically":[3],"focuses":[4],"on":[5],"crash":[6],"detection":[7],"and":[8,21,40,82,90,132],"code":[9],"coverage":[10,131],"while":[11],"overlooking":[12],"additional":[13],"system":[14],"behaviors":[15,48,105],"that":[16,32,99],"can":[17,102],"impact":[18],"confidentiality":[20],"availability.":[22],"To":[23],"address":[24],"this":[25,144],"gap,":[26],"we":[27,63],"propose":[28],"a":[29],"statistical":[30,86],"framework":[31],"combines":[33],"embedding-based":[34],"anomaly":[35],"detection,":[36],"resource":[37,113],"usage":[38,114],"metrics,":[39],"resource-state":[41],"distance":[42],"measures":[43],"to":[44,150],"systematically":[45],"profile":[46],"software":[47,152],"beyond":[49],"traditional":[50],"coverage-based":[51],"methods.":[52],"Leveraging":[53],"over":[54],"5":[55],"million":[56],"labeled":[57],"samples":[58,101],"from":[59],"50":[60],"Python":[61],"programs,":[62],"evaluate":[64],"how":[65,84],"these":[66],"independent":[67],"scoring":[68],"terms":[69],"distinguish":[70],"among":[71],"different":[72],"sources":[73],"of":[74],"input,":[75],"including":[76],"Large":[77],"Language":[78],"Model":[79],"(LLM)-generated":[80],"inputs,":[81],"demonstrate":[83],"standard":[85],"tests":[87],"(e.g.,":[88],"Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov":[89],"Kendall\u2019s":[91],"\u03c4)":[92],"confirm":[93],"their":[94],"effectiveness.":[95],"Our":[96],"findings":[97],"show":[98],"LLM-generated":[100],"trigger":[103],"diverse":[104],"but":[106],"are":[107],"often":[108],"less":[109],"effective":[110],"at":[111],"exploring":[112],"dynamics":[115],"(CPU,":[116],"memory)":[117],"compared":[118],"with":[119,126],"conventional":[120],"fuzzing.":[121],"However,":[122],"combining":[123],"LLM":[124,137],"outputs":[125],"existing":[127],"techniques":[128],"broadens":[129],"behavior":[130,156],"reveals":[133],"commonalities":[134],"between":[135],"commercial":[136],"outputs.":[138],"We":[139],"provide":[140],"open-source":[141],"tools":[142],"for":[143],"evaluation":[145],"framework,":[146],"demonstrating":[147],"the":[148],"potential":[149],"refine":[151],"by":[154],"integrating":[155],"metrics":[157],"into":[158],"security-testing":[159],"workflows.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}