{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410492031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570974","title":"2TSS: Two-Tier Semantic Segmentation Framework With Enhancement for Hotspot Detection of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Images","display_name":"2TSS: Two-Tier Semantic Segmentation Framework With Enhancement for Hotspot Detection of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410492031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3570974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570974","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110496280","display_name":"Nurul Huda Ishak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2246-8455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurul Huda Ishak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2246-8455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029900048","display_name":"Iza Sazanita Isa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4072-3612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iza Sazanita Isa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4072-3612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005664778","display_name":"Muhammad Khusairi Osman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5479-6409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Khusairi Osman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046366959","display_name":"Mohd Shawal Jadin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-7821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Shawal Jadin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021361499","display_name":"Kamarulazhar Daud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-1277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamarulazhar Daud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104282763","display_name":"Mohd Zulhamdy Ab Hamid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Zulhamdy Ab Hamid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4591,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57233032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"88888","last_page":"88904"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.9490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.6541203260421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hotspot","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","score":0.5817930102348328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5808276534080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5797922015190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.47729599475860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4447425603866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36367976665496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.0915101170539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06372442841529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06048497557640076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6541203260421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146481406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105131","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5817930102348328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5808276534080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5797922015190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.47729599475860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4447425603866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36367976665496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0915101170539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06372442841529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06048497557640076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3570974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6962d83a15fd4dd6ac3d6802b7ae1a7f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6962d83a15fd4dd6ac3d6802b7ae1a7f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 88888-88904 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3570974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548354920","https://openalex.org/W2941951293","https://openalex.org/W3008092683","https://openalex.org/W3030515889","https://openalex.org/W3033434571","https://openalex.org/W3086654666","https://openalex.org/W3096947210","https://openalex.org/W3109000640","https://openalex.org/W3119818737","https://openalex.org/W3122735216","https://openalex.org/W3165143317","https://openalex.org/W3165212823","https://openalex.org/W3185410329","https://openalex.org/W3199979414","https://openalex.org/W3201119196","https://openalex.org/W3204607307","https://openalex.org/W3209745495","https://openalex.org/W4206818542","https://openalex.org/W4210638278","https://openalex.org/W4225080122","https://openalex.org/W4282599851","https://openalex.org/W4283168469","https://openalex.org/W4293795999","https://openalex.org/W4297216748","https://openalex.org/W4303649515","https://openalex.org/W4310768572","https://openalex.org/W4315694817","https://openalex.org/W4320802386","https://openalex.org/W4363649126","https://openalex.org/W4364323147","https://openalex.org/W4383749165","https://openalex.org/W4385379357","https://openalex.org/W4387422620","https://openalex.org/W4387674623","https://openalex.org/W4387779183","https://openalex.org/W4388196753","https://openalex.org/W4388922838","https://openalex.org/W4389724653","https://openalex.org/W4391070666","https://openalex.org/W4391992381","https://openalex.org/W4392436512","https://openalex.org/W4392763860","https://openalex.org/W4392838386","https://openalex.org/W4392883944","https://openalex.org/W4394895331","https://openalex.org/W4394997664","https://openalex.org/W4396786062","https://openalex.org/W4399491686","https://openalex.org/W4399651788","https://openalex.org/W4400205710","https://openalex.org/W4400244262","https://openalex.org/W4400410178","https://openalex.org/W4401107297","https://openalex.org/W4401525289","https://openalex.org/W4401705144","https://openalex.org/W4402251215","https://openalex.org/W4403433671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379637199","https://openalex.org/W4406532822","https://openalex.org/W2405057786","https://openalex.org/W2501832907","https://openalex.org/W2063054109","https://openalex.org/W2079602762","https://openalex.org/W2580355466","https://openalex.org/W1888682135","https://openalex.org/W2386968573","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"intelligence-based":[1],"hotspot":[2,27,47,95,169],"detection":[3,48],"has":[4,19],"been":[5],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"in":[8,21,49,106],"solar":[9,83,114],"photovoltaic":[10],"(PV)":[11],"image":[12,68],"applications.":[13],"However,":[14],"the":[15,71,74,87,90,94,155,181],"semantic":[16,121],"segmentation":[17,65,80,104,125,142,170],"approach":[18],"limitations":[20],"terms":[22],"of":[23,52,64,73,79,102,120,178],"accuracy,":[24],"particularly":[25],"for":[26,113,168],"thermal":[28,50],"images.":[29],"This":[30,98],"study":[31],"introduces":[32],"a":[33,161],"novel":[34],"method":[35,57,157],"based":[36],"on":[37,110],"Two-tier":[38],"Semantic":[39],"Segmentation":[40],"(2TSS)":[41],"framework":[42],"explicitly":[43],"aimed":[44],"at":[45,70],"enhancing":[46],"images":[51],"PV":[53,84],"modules.":[54],"The":[55,76,136],"proposed":[56,156],"is":[58],"designed":[59],"with":[60,147,174],"two":[61],"subsequent":[62],"stages":[63],"models,":[66,126],"including":[67],"pre-processing":[69],"initial":[72],"framework.":[75],"first":[77],"tier":[78,92],"distinguishes":[81],"between":[82],"modules":[85],"and":[86,131,149],"background,":[88],"whilst":[89],"second":[91],"enhances":[93,100],"localization":[96],"region.":[97],"research":[99],"comprehension":[101],"multi-tier":[103],"architectures":[105],"deep":[107],"learning,":[108],"focusing":[109],"optimizing":[111],"performance":[112,143,173],"energy":[115],"systems":[116],"through":[117],"comparative":[118],"analysis":[119],"models.":[122],"Three":[123],"different":[124],"namely":[127],"U-Net,":[128],"ResNet":[129,132,137],"18":[130],"50":[133,138],"were":[134],"tested.":[135],"model":[139],"demonstrated":[140],"superior":[141,172],"across":[144],"both":[145],"tiers":[146],"98%":[148],"85%":[150],"accuracy":[151,176],"respectively.":[152],"In":[153],"summary,":[154],"demonstrates":[158],"that":[159],"applying":[160],"combined":[162],"enhancement":[163],"algorithm":[164],"prior":[165],"to":[166],"training":[167],"promotes":[171],"an":[175],"improvement":[177],"2.64%":[179],"over":[180],"non-enhancement":[182],"approach.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
