{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410393339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570669","title":"A Hierarchical Feature Fusion and Dynamic Collaboration Framework for Robust Small Target Detection","display_name":"A Hierarchical Feature Fusion and Dynamic Collaboration Framework for Robust Small Target Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410393339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570669"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3570669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570669","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036110201","display_name":"Xu Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6587-1410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165075387","display_name":"Trine University","ror":"https://ror.org/038e0dv78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165075387"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176279760","display_name":"University of Phoenix","ror":"https://ror.org/01j0n2h15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176279760"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104856","display_name":"Phoenix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggenr10","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104856"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trine University, Phoenix, AZ, USA","Trine University, Phoenix, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6587-1410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trine University, Phoenix, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176279760"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trine University, Phoenix, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165075387","https://openalex.org/I4210104856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085171570","display_name":"Junliang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-6339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junliang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-6339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0185-1456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","Columbia University, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0185-1456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoye Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0492-5341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoye Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western University, London, ON, Canada","Western University, London, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0492-5341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University, London, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033717690","display_name":"Xiaoxuan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9299-7760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxuan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","University of Southern California, Mountain View, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Mountain View, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054929411","display_name":"Pochun Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pochun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Northeastern University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6462-842X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022901348","display_name":"Hongye Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongye Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8337-8857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036110201"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165075387","https://openalex.org/I176279760","https://openalex.org/I4210104856"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":59.5308,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99827593,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"92953","last_page":"92964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.692184567451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4945995509624481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4866793751716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4561242163181305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3800102472305298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3553922772407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3214051127433777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.692184567451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4945995509624481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4866793751716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4561242163181305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3800102472305298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3553922772407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3214051127433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3570669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b24164f5e5294fe6b051beb562fda7fb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b24164f5e5294fe6b051beb562fda7fb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 92953-92964 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3570669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3570669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898682679","https://openalex.org/W2958435308","https://openalex.org/W3042916480","https://openalex.org/W3122799380","https://openalex.org/W3157042932","https://openalex.org/W3193848205","https://openalex.org/W3209499093","https://openalex.org/W4315815834","https://openalex.org/W4323351162","https://openalex.org/W4362736158","https://openalex.org/W4379468926","https://openalex.org/W4380903903","https://openalex.org/W4384131771","https://openalex.org/W4384519318","https://openalex.org/W4388914007","https://openalex.org/W4389149556","https://openalex.org/W4389720458","https://openalex.org/W4391528291","https://openalex.org/W4394005834","https://openalex.org/W4400145883","https://openalex.org/W4401110286","https://openalex.org/W4401415788","https://openalex.org/W4401890562","https://openalex.org/W4401900828","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4403770406","https://openalex.org/W4404563264","https://openalex.org/W4405270459","https://openalex.org/W4406244964","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6852876276","https://openalex.org/W6868582632","https://openalex.org/W6884632351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W2099421762","https://openalex.org/W2530546662","https://openalex.org/W2967030268","https://openalex.org/W2977677679","https://openalex.org/W2185253430","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2152662039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"target":[1,61,115,207],"detection":[2,44,62,111,123,208],"is":[3],"an":[4],"important":[5],"research":[6,199],"direction":[7],"in":[8,13,40,48,157,185,195],"computer":[9],"vision,":[10],"widely":[11],"applied":[12],"scenarios":[14],"such":[15,133],"as":[16,27,134],"drone":[17],"monitoring,":[18],"remote":[19],"sensing":[20],"image":[21],"analysis,":[22],"and":[23,37,50,110,117,125,137,149,160,169,183,193,209],"autonomous":[24],"driving.":[25],"However,":[26],"small":[28,60,97,206],"targets":[29],"occupy":[30],"fewer":[31],"pixels,":[32],"contain":[33],"limited":[34],"feature":[35,67,77,93,107],"information,":[36],"often":[38],"appear":[39],"complex":[41,196],"backgrounds,":[42],"existing":[43],"algorithms":[45],"face":[46],"shortcomings":[47],"accuracy":[49,124],"robustness.":[51,126],"To":[52],"address":[53],"this,":[54],"this":[55],"paper":[56],"proposes":[57],"a":[58,70,201],"novel":[59,202],"algorithm":[63,153],"that":[64],"integrates":[65],"hierarchical":[66,76],"fusion":[68,78,108],"with":[69,86,162],"spatial":[71],"dynamic":[72,101],"collaboration":[73,102],"mechanism.":[74],"The":[75],"module":[79],"(HFA)":[80],"effectively":[81],"combines":[82],"shallow":[83],"detail":[84],"features":[85],"deep":[87],"semantic":[88],"features,":[89],"greatly":[90],"enhancing":[91],"the":[92,100,151,179,190],"representation":[94],"capability":[95],"for":[96,205,213],"targets.":[98],"Meanwhile,":[99],"mechanism":[103],"(DCCA)":[104],"dynamically":[105],"adjusts":[106],"weights":[109],"strategies":[112],"based":[113],"on":[114,131],"scale":[116],"density":[118],"distribution,":[119],"thereby":[120],"further":[121,177],"improving":[122],"Extensive":[127],"experiments":[128],"are":[129],"conducted":[130],"datasets":[132],"VisDrone,":[135],"TinyPerson,":[136],"NWPU":[138],"VHR-10.":[139],"Results":[140],"demonstrate":[141],"that,":[142],"compared":[143],"to":[144,167,173],"state-of-the-art":[145],"models":[146],"like":[147],"YOLOv8":[148],"YOLOv10,":[150],"proposed":[152],"achieves":[154],"significant":[155],"improvements":[156],"precision,":[158],"recall,":[159],"mAP,":[161],"mAP":[163],"increasing":[164],"by":[165,171],"2.1%":[166],"3.2%":[168],"mAP-95":[170],"1.2%":[172],"1.8%.":[174],"Ablation":[175],"studies":[176],"validate":[178],"complementarity":[180],"of":[181],"HFA":[182],"DCCA":[184],"optimizing":[186],"model":[187],"performance,":[188],"confirming":[189],"algorithm\u2019s":[191],"superiority":[192],"robustness":[194],"scenarios.":[197],"This":[198],"provides":[200],"technical":[203],"route":[204],"offers":[210],"valuable":[211],"references":[212],"practical":[214],"applications.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}