{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410294954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3569334","title":"Toward Secure Electronic Voting: A Survey on E-Voting Systems and Attacks","display_name":"Toward Secure Electronic Voting: A Survey on E-Voting Systems and Attacks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410294954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3569334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3569334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3569334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3569334","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117517491","display_name":"Riccardo Barelli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Barelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090316064","display_name":"Mario D\u2019Onghia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-1523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario D'Onghia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-1523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034930716","display_name":"Stefano Longari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7533-4510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Longari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7533-4510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":15.0358,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98805531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"89600","last_page":"89626"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-voting","display_name":"Electronic voting","score":0.8424790501594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.724307119846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.6931292414665222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6664276719093323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4669407904148102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10243967175483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.0654686987400055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780612046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926161","display_name":"Electronic voting","level":4,"score":0.8424790501594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.724307119846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.6931292414665222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6664276719093323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4669407904148102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10243967175483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0654686987400055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3569334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3569334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:558397ff71124d8b8a218e3727ec7d19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/558397ff71124d8b8a218e3727ec7d19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 89600-89626 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3569334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3569334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14951761","https://openalex.org/W1479714597","https://openalex.org/W1584528266","https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W1637520873","https://openalex.org/W1712244114","https://openalex.org/W1892798954","https://openalex.org/W1932825448","https://openalex.org/W1976900880","https://openalex.org/W1992728747","https://openalex.org/W2005708967","https://openalex.org/W2005725110","https://openalex.org/W2007216019","https://openalex.org/W2011942647","https://openalex.org/W2019038923","https://openalex.org/W2049882908","https://openalex.org/W2054482077","https://openalex.org/W2064139197","https://openalex.org/W2066278608","https://openalex.org/W2096596045","https://openalex.org/W2103647628","https://openalex.org/W2104188387","https://openalex.org/W2106137793","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2117939396","https://openalex.org/W2123510989","https://openalex.org/W2126540423","https://openalex.org/W2129483619","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2137435127","https://openalex.org/W2137739383","https://openalex.org/W2137976860","https://openalex.org/W2139703075","https://openalex.org/W2142743829","https://openalex.org/W2146526603","https://openalex.org/W2148791173","https://openalex.org/W2168239498","https://openalex.org/W2233187079","https://openalex.org/W2528561030","https://openalex.org/W2589685939","https://openalex.org/W2592077777","https://openalex.org/W2619795922","https://openalex.org/W2623962760","https://openalex.org/W2776789294","https://openalex.org/W2786022952","https://openalex.org/W2799639035","https://openalex.org/W2801216993","https://openalex.org/W2801726488","https://openalex.org/W2887415885","https://openalex.org/W2891670958","https://openalex.org/W2903878526","https://openalex.org/W2917351259","https://openalex.org/W2923170571","https://openalex.org/W2946214936","https://openalex.org/W2947209100","https://openalex.org/W2962765614","https://openalex.org/W2968254374","https://openalex.org/W2972123386","https://openalex.org/W2980261599","https://openalex.org/W2995871203","https://openalex.org/W3008668298","https://openalex.org/W3011656268","https://openalex.org/W3015054882","https://openalex.org/W3047950859","https://openalex.org/W3095798634","https://openalex.org/W3108084644","https://openalex.org/W3154095569","https://openalex.org/W3157066646","https://openalex.org/W3184600775","https://openalex.org/W3197786081","https://openalex.org/W3198867935","https://openalex.org/W3211306559","https://openalex.org/W3215163580","https://openalex.org/W4205092462","https://openalex.org/W4205158692","https://openalex.org/W4214930687","https://openalex.org/W4224316548","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4281395163","https://openalex.org/W4281642626","https://openalex.org/W4283738836","https://openalex.org/W4285142403","https://openalex.org/W4294273463","https://openalex.org/W4294273474","https://openalex.org/W4294273570","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4307211358","https://openalex.org/W4308633694","https://openalex.org/W4316372938","https://openalex.org/W4317927951","https://openalex.org/W4323338543","https://openalex.org/W4391514308","https://openalex.org/W4391972887","https://openalex.org/W4396535363","https://openalex.org/W4397048694","https://openalex.org/W4401662294","https://openalex.org/W4404327109","https://openalex.org/W6600770528","https://openalex.org/W6601589750","https://openalex.org/W6601659737","https://openalex.org/W6605411736","https://openalex.org/W6607424564","https://openalex.org/W6611554128","https://openalex.org/W6631721203","https://openalex.org/W6634058687","https://openalex.org/W6635520388","https://openalex.org/W6637673955","https://openalex.org/W6681034911","https://openalex.org/W6681922910","https://openalex.org/W6713454793","https://openalex.org/W6734592293","https://openalex.org/W6749782324","https://openalex.org/W6777794193","https://openalex.org/W6782380448","https://openalex.org/W6785327241","https://openalex.org/W6787007475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3108317354","https://openalex.org/W2083180731","https://openalex.org/W4297573717","https://openalex.org/W1596100069","https://openalex.org/W4283692793","https://openalex.org/W4321843854","https://openalex.org/W157440325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"trend":[1],"of":[2,22,51,71,82,90,116,120,150,162],"electronic":[3,52,91,163],"voting":[4,53,92,164],"has":[5],"risen":[6],"in":[7,20,55,124,175],"recent":[8],"years":[9],"as":[10],"an":[11],"alternative":[12],"to":[13,36,58,78,126,173],"paper":[14,100],"ballot":[15],"elections,":[16],"bringing":[17],"meaningful":[18],"benefits":[19],"terms":[21],"efficiency":[23],"and":[24,34,93,107,131,133,140,145,154],"error":[25],"proneness.":[26],"However,":[27],"real-world":[28,97],"applications":[29,81],"have":[30],"demonstrated":[31],"significant":[32],"vulnerabilities":[33],"susceptibility":[35],"software":[37],"errors":[38],"that":[39,159],"could":[40],"be":[41],"exploited":[42],"by":[43],"malicious":[44],"entities.":[45],"In":[46],"fact,":[47],"the":[48,56,65,69,79,87,102,114,117,121,148,151,160],"difficult":[49],"challenge":[50],"lies":[54],"need":[57],"incorporate":[59],"multiple,":[60],"often":[61],"contradictory,":[62],"properties":[63,119],"into":[64],"system":[66],"design.":[67],"Moreover,":[68],"stakes":[70],"any":[72],"potential":[73,141],"vulnerability":[74],"are":[75],"amplified":[76],"due":[77],"high-value":[80],"e-voting":[83,105],"systems.":[84],"To":[85],"understand":[86,128],"current":[88,152],"landscape":[89],"its":[94],"readiness":[95],"for":[96],"implementations,":[98],"this":[99],"surveys":[101],"literature":[103],"on":[104,113,134],"systems":[106],"related":[108],"attacks.":[109],"Emphasis":[110],"is":[111,170],"put":[112],"analysis":[115,149],"fundamental":[118],"reviewed":[122],"systems,":[123],"order":[125],"better":[127],"their":[129,138],"strengths":[130],"weaknesses,":[132],"blockchain-based":[135],"solutions,":[136],"given":[137],"novelty":[139],"advantages":[142],"regarding":[143],"immutability":[144],"transparency.":[146],"Through":[147],"proposals":[153],"known":[155],"attacks,":[156],"we":[157],"conclude":[158],"paradigm":[161],"needs":[165],"additional":[166],"research":[167],"before":[168],"it":[169],"considered":[171],"secure":[172],"use":[174],"a":[176],"general":[177],"election":[178],"setting.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2025-05-13T00:00:00"}