{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410153010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567821","title":"Phase Difference of Arrival Aided Downlink Time Difference of Arrival Ultra-Wide Band Positioning System","display_name":"Phase Difference of Arrival Aided Downlink Time Difference of Arrival Ultra-Wide Band Positioning System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410153010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3567821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567821","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081750350","display_name":"Josef Kr\u0161ka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-8805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josef Kr\u0161ka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-8805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032476098","display_name":"Christian Gentner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4298-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Gentner","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Weßling, Germany","German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4298-8195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Weßling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026679548","display_name":"V\u00e1clav Navr\u00e1til","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0206-2005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V\u00e1clav Navr\u00e1til","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0206-2005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65498128,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"81628","last_page":"81642"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12024","display_name":"Ultra-Wideband Communications Technology","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12024","display_name":"Ultra-Wideband Communications Technology","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.696459949016571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6029294729232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.602440357208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arrival-time","display_name":"Arrival time","score":0.5626639723777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.4952668249607086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-difference","display_name":"Phase difference","score":0.44845646619796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.296104371547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19457894563674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.16523447632789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15970656275749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1254432201385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.11308860778808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.10299849510192871}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.696459949016571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6029294729232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.602440357208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017552255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Arrival time","level":2,"score":0.5626639723777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.4952668249607086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017413879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185553","display_name":"Phase difference","level":3,"score":0.44845646619796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.296104371547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19457894563674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.16523447632789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15970656275749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1254432201385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.11308860778808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.10299849510192871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3567821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:214199","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3567821>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:42a71f9b34814903a869bbd5ebaf1208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/42a71f9b34814903a869bbd5ebaf1208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 81628-81642 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3567821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2136481349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SGS22/169/OHK3/3T/13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309972","funder_display_name":"\u010cesk\u00e9 Vysok\u00e9 U\u010den\u00ed Technick\u00e9 v Praze"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309972","display_name":"\u010cesk\u00e9 Vysok\u00e9 U\u010den\u00ed Technick\u00e9 v Praze","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321602","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974049233","https://openalex.org/W2007417238","https://openalex.org/W2604710118","https://openalex.org/W2773342752","https://openalex.org/W2782948498","https://openalex.org/W2790374560","https://openalex.org/W2952838122","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W3081923731","https://openalex.org/W3101285849","https://openalex.org/W4213005316","https://openalex.org/W4235069777","https://openalex.org/W4293197684","https://openalex.org/W4379116622","https://openalex.org/W4395665470","https://openalex.org/W4401811027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066348132","https://openalex.org/W3100472506","https://openalex.org/W2932879926","https://openalex.org/W2046534068","https://openalex.org/W2117730682","https://openalex.org/W2215124457","https://openalex.org/W2033011651","https://openalex.org/W1995669723","https://openalex.org/W4409796960","https://openalex.org/W2542716584"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently":[0],"there":[1],"is":[2,27,72,89,147,176,180,186],"a":[3,142],"growing":[4],"demand":[5],"for":[6,29,42,75,92],"accurate":[7],"and":[8,55,95,118,153],"reliable":[9],"positioning":[10,26,49,199],"indoors":[11],"or":[12,41],"in":[13,35,60,160,204],"other":[14],"environments,":[15],"where":[16],"Global":[17],"Navigation":[18],"Satellite":[19],"Systems":[20],"(GNSS)":[21],"are":[22,56],"unavailable.":[23],"The":[24,63,84,163,198,210],"precise":[25,52,184],"required":[28],"example":[30],"by":[31,149,155],"autonomous":[32],"vehicles":[33],"used":[34],"the":[36,98,151,166,170,189,193,207,211,230],"industry,":[37],"safety":[38],"anti-collision":[39],"systems":[40,50],"tracking":[43],"of":[44,68,81,86,97,112,115,121,195],"goods.":[45],"Ultra-Wide":[46],"Band":[47],"(UWB)":[48],"provide":[51],"location":[53],"information":[54],"therefore":[57],"often":[58,90],"utilized":[59],"such":[61],"scenarios.":[62],"GNSS-like":[64],"Downlink":[65],"Time":[66],"Difference":[67,114],"Arrival":[69,116,122],"(TDoA)":[70],"method":[71],"well":[73],"suited":[74],"these":[76],"problems,":[77],"enabling":[78],"unlimited":[79],"number":[80],"simultaneous":[82],"users.":[83],"addition":[85],"independent":[87],"measurements":[88,105,123],"sought":[91],"improved":[93],"precision":[94],"robustness":[96],"position":[99,146],"estimates.":[100],"So":[101],"far,":[102],"only":[103],"time-based":[104],"were":[106],"available,":[107],"however,":[108],"UWB":[109],"boards":[110],"capable":[111],"Phase":[113],"(PDoA)":[117],"thus":[119],"Angle":[120],"have":[124],"been":[125],"introduced":[126],"recently.":[127],"In":[128,229],"this":[129],"article":[130],"we":[131],"leverage":[132],"UWB-PDoA":[133],"board":[134],"with":[135],"two":[136,171],"Qorvo":[137],"DW1000":[138],"transceivers":[139],"that":[140,191],"share":[141],"common":[143],"clock.":[144],"Its":[145],"estimated":[148],"fusing":[150],"TDoA":[152],"PDoA":[154,196],"Extended":[156],"Kalman":[157],"Filter":[158],"(EKF)":[159],"downlink-based":[161],"system.":[162],"EKF":[164],"tracks":[165],"clock":[167],"bias":[168],"between":[169],"chips;":[172],"consequently,":[173],"prior":[174],"calibration":[175],"unnecessary,":[177],"as":[178],"it":[179],"done":[181],"online.":[182],"Moreover,":[183],"localization":[185],"enabled":[187],"through":[188],"algorithm":[190],"resolves":[192],"ambiguity":[194],"measurements.":[197],"performance":[200],"evaluation":[201],"shows":[202],"improvement":[203],"accuracy":[205],"w.r.t.":[206],"TDoA-only":[208],"solution.":[209],"root-mean-square":[212],"error":[213],"decreased":[214],"from":[215,234],"16.38":[216],"cm":[217,236],"to":[218,237],"15.09":[219],"cm,":[220,239],"i.e.,":[221,240],"8%,":[222],"when":[223],"evaluated":[224],"among":[225],"all":[226],"test":[227],"points.":[228],"best":[231],"case,":[232],"reduction":[233],"14.79":[235],"10.14":[238],"35%":[241],"was":[242],"observed.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}