{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410152972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567816","title":"Efficient Detection of Microplastics on Edge Devices With Tailored Compiler for TinyML Applications","display_name":"Efficient Detection of Microplastics on Edge Devices With Tailored Compiler for TinyML Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410152972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567816"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3567816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567816","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043613528","display_name":"Alessandro Cerioli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Cerioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3177-7381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090980200","display_name":"Lorenzo Petrosino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Petrosino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-8075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082145632","display_name":"Daniele Sasso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3137-9715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Sasso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3137-9715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Laroche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0401-8091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155671","display_name":"GN Store Nord (Denmark)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ck29617","country_code":"DK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155671"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Laroche","raw_affiliation_strings":["GN Audio, Ballerup, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0401-8091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GN Audio, Ballerup, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018887201","display_name":"Tobias Piechowiak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6446-5208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155671","display_name":"GN Store Nord (Denmark)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ck29617","country_code":"DK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155671"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Piechowiak","raw_affiliation_strings":["GN Audio, Ballerup, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GN Audio, Ballerup, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033388505","display_name":"Luca Pezzarossa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-2526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Pezzarossa","raw_affiliation_strings":["DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-2526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062985886","display_name":"Mario Merone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-2397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Merone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Intelligent Health Technologies, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-2397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Intelligent Health Technologies, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019167470","display_name":"Luca Vollero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-0157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Vollero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-0157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009418970","display_name":"Anna Sabatini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6206-5366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Sabatini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6206-5366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.4512,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79580882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"90970","last_page":"90982"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10753","display_name":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","score":0.8730000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10753","display_name":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","score":0.8730000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.7936999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.7129999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microplastics","display_name":"Microplastics","score":0.89902663230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6595085859298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.5381750464439392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4601811170578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16903865337371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.14146208763122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-chemistry","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","score":0.11442738771438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09730926156044006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780401329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839919","display_name":"Microplastics","level":2,"score":0.89902663230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6595085859298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.5381750464439392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4601811170578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16903865337371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.14146208763122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.11442738771438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09730926156044006}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3567816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4fe983229f3b4944a834b307192c7aee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4fe983229f3b4944a834b307192c7aee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 90970-90982 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3567816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3567816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133892291","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2229518787","https://openalex.org/W2752957596","https://openalex.org/W2761590587","https://openalex.org/W2952839204","https://openalex.org/W2972672030","https://openalex.org/W3087291236","https://openalex.org/W3109968655","https://openalex.org/W3163608335","https://openalex.org/W3164008977","https://openalex.org/W3174529902","https://openalex.org/W3209181041","https://openalex.org/W3216221236","https://openalex.org/W4283211652","https://openalex.org/W4288389131","https://openalex.org/W4289308614","https://openalex.org/W4300857176","https://openalex.org/W4308695923","https://openalex.org/W4319430529","https://openalex.org/W4383751021","https://openalex.org/W4391547541","https://openalex.org/W4391755619","https://openalex.org/W4399087900","https://openalex.org/W4400488219","https://openalex.org/W4401726555","https://openalex.org/W4403391119","https://openalex.org/W4406172504","https://openalex.org/W4408799708","https://openalex.org/W6751349269","https://openalex.org/W6861915306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4366956929","https://openalex.org/W4292702250","https://openalex.org/W3137432639","https://openalex.org/W4313424063","https://openalex.org/W3008604706","https://openalex.org/W2922519157","https://openalex.org/W4293363595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75],"current":[1],"study":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,50,96,111],"train":[5],"and":[6,34,73,125,138],"benchmark":[7],"AI":[8],"models":[9],"tailored":[10],"for":[11,55,62,80,85,136],"the":[12,26,35,52,58,94,131],"detection":[13,141],"of":[14,57,133],"microplastic":[15,140],"in":[16,142],"water":[17],"from":[18],"scattered":[19],"signals.":[20],"We":[21],"trained":[22],"two":[23,59],"different":[24],"models,":[25],"first":[27],"based":[28],"on":[29,37,64],"a":[30,38,67,126],"Multi-Layer":[31],"Perceptron":[32],"(MLP)":[33],"second":[36],"Gated":[39],"Recurrent":[40],"Unit":[41],"(GRU).":[42],"A":[43],"Neural":[44],"Architecture":[45],"Search":[46],"algorithm":[47],"was":[48,71],"used":[49],"determine":[51],"optimal":[53],"configuration":[54],"each":[56],"models.":[60],"Moreover,":[61],"deployment":[63],"edge":[65],"devices,":[66],"specific":[68],"custom-made":[69],"compiler":[70,76],"designed":[72,79],"used.":[74],"is":[77],"specifically":[78],"TinyML":[81],"applications":[82],"and,":[83],"therefore,":[84],"resource-constrained":[86],"devices.":[87],"It":[88],"bypasses":[89],"traditional":[90],"inference":[91],"engines,":[92],"compiling":[93],"NNs":[95],"native":[97],"C":[98,103],"code":[99],"using":[100],"only":[101],"standard":[102],"libraries.":[104],"Our":[105],"approach":[106],"demonstrated":[107],"better":[108,119],"performance":[109],"compared":[110],"state-of-the-art":[112],"frameworks":[113],"such":[114],"as":[115],"ONNX":[116],"Runtime,":[117],"achieving":[118],"latency,":[120],"memory":[121],"usage,":[122],"energy":[123],"consumption,":[124],"higher":[127],"portability.":[128],"This":[129],"highlights":[130],"potential":[132],"our":[134],"method":[135],"efficient":[137],"effective":[139],"environmental":[143],"monitoring.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}