{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409985217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565674","title":"Hardware-Based Calculation of Mean Square Error for Automatic Target Recognition in SAR Images","display_name":"Hardware-Based Calculation of Mean Square Error for Automatic Target Recognition in SAR Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409985217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3565674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565674","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067970377","display_name":"\u0141. Urba\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1158-0522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123805","display_name":"Instituto de Aeron\u00e1utica e Espa\u00e7o","ror":"https://ror.org/025n1fp68","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Urbanski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil","Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1158-0522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805","https://openalex.org/I107428990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805","https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018649798","display_name":"Gustavo F. Araujo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1115-5097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123805","display_name":"Instituto de Aeron\u00e1utica e Espa\u00e7o","ror":"https://ror.org/025n1fp68","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo Farhat Araujo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil","Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1115-5097","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805","https://openalex.org/I107428990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805","https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009137640","display_name":"Renato Machado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0856-5391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123805","display_name":"Instituto de Aeron\u00e1utica e Espa\u00e7o","ror":"https://ror.org/025n1fp68","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renato Machado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil","Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805","https://openalex.org/I107428990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805","https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022120737","display_name":"Roberto d\u2019Amore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3456-0036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123805","display_name":"Instituto de Aeron\u00e1utica e Espa\u00e7o","ror":"https://ror.org/025n1fp68","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto D'Amore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil","Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3456-0036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805","https://openalex.org/I107428990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123805","https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11058099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"78231","last_page":"78242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.942799985408783,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.942799985408783,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7148580551147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5506019592285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5217193365097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5070600509643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.47314274311065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.46717745065689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43709856271743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square","display_name":"Square (algebra)","score":0.41233256459236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35580700635910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15788376331329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14712253212928772}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7148580551147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5506019592285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5217193365097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5070600509643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.47314274311065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.46717745065689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43709856271743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135692309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111124","display_name":"Square (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.41233256459236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35580700635910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15788376331329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14712253212928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3565674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0841069685824e13b9398487a6266337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0841069685824e13b9398487a6266337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 78231-78242 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3565674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994273174","https://openalex.org/W2054246038","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2138287042","https://openalex.org/W2152175008","https://openalex.org/W2158477196","https://openalex.org/W2269648248","https://openalex.org/W2521772843","https://openalex.org/W2610227666","https://openalex.org/W2623403799","https://openalex.org/W2802527411","https://openalex.org/W2917056838","https://openalex.org/W2945014618","https://openalex.org/W2946348251","https://openalex.org/W2983422544","https://openalex.org/W2999834558","https://openalex.org/W3012261719","https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W3160627966","https://openalex.org/W4211083893","https://openalex.org/W4252220425","https://openalex.org/W4313598306","https://openalex.org/W4383315661","https://openalex.org/W4385606523","https://openalex.org/W4390189091","https://openalex.org/W4392939517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2886347302","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W1545594509","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W1988723959","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W4387802373","https://openalex.org/W4319779178","https://openalex.org/W2773828237"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,11,112,138],"circuit":[4],"architecture":[5,51,94],"aiming":[6],"for":[7,101,137],"FPGA":[8,109],"synthesis":[9],"of":[10,14,65,68,81,90,114,141],"processing":[12,59],"stage":[13],"an":[15,108],"Automatic":[16],"Target":[17],"Recognition":[18],"(ATR)":[19],"algorithm":[20,37],"to":[21,42,128,151],"classify":[22],"non-cooperative":[23],"targets":[24],"in":[25,38,97,122,132],"Synthetic":[26],"Aperture":[27],"Radar":[28],"(SAR)":[29],"images":[30],"using":[31],"the":[32,45,50,55,63,66,71,74,82,87,91,102,118,133,145],"SAMPLE":[33],"database.":[34],"A":[35],"reference":[36],"Python":[39,123],"was":[40,95,147],"used":[41],"determine":[43],"whether":[44],"mathematical":[46],"operations":[47],"performed":[48],"by":[49],"are":[52],"correct,":[53],"comparing":[54],"results":[56],"between":[57,70],"different":[58],"phases,":[60],"such":[61],"as":[62],"determination":[64],"equivalence":[67],"coordinates":[69,77],"target":[72],"and":[73,86,99],"models":[75],"(i.e.,":[76],"\u201cmatching\u201d),":[78],"partial":[79],"calculations":[80],"mean":[83],"squared":[84],"error,":[85],"final":[88],"result":[89],"operations.":[92],"The":[93],"described":[96],"VHDL":[98],"synthesized":[100,134],"Bajie":[103],"Board":[104],"development":[105],"system":[106],"with":[107],"XC7Z010-1CL400C.":[110],"For":[111],"dataset":[113,140],"50":[115],"coordinate":[116,143],"points,":[117,144],"algorithm\u2019s":[119],"execution":[120],"time":[121],"decreased":[124],"from":[125,148],"4":[126],"milliseconds":[127],"approximately":[129],"30":[130],"\u03bcs":[131],"system.":[135],"Similarly,":[136],"larger":[139],"400":[142],"reduction":[146],"184":[149],"ms":[150],"1.9":[152],"ms.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}