{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409917133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565546","title":"Integration of Deep Learning Architectures With GRU for Automated Leukemia Detection in Peripheral Blood Smear Images","display_name":"Integration of Deep Learning Architectures With GRU for Automated Leukemia Detection in Peripheral Blood Smear Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409917133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3565546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565546","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010061205","display_name":"Amit Kumar Bairwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1830-0661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar Bairwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1830-0661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062277744","display_name":"Anita Shrotriya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-9448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anita Shrotriya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-9448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102484704","display_name":"Priyanka Mathur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanka Mathur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Applications-CDOE, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","Computer Applications CDOE, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Applications-CDOE, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Applications CDOE, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017523763","display_name":"Sandeep Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9127-5947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023448384","display_name":"Sakshi Shringi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1737-3340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakshi Shringi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1737-3340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083732454","display_name":"A. Charan Kumari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-1912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I259800356","display_name":"Sir Sayajirao General Hospital Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/00j8xcs04","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I259800356"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9523339","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Meghalaya","ror":"https://ror.org/020vd6n84","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9523339"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ambika Kumari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, PA Sangma International Medical College and Hospital, Baridua, Meghalaya, India","Department of Anesthesiology, PA Sangma International Medical College and Hospital, Meghalaya, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, PA Sangma International Medical College and Hospital, Baridua, Meghalaya, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I259800356"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, PA Sangma International Medical College and Hospital, Meghalaya, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9523339"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89957846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"84217","last_page":"84239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6928285360336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-blood","display_name":"Peripheral blood","score":0.5868329405784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5553921461105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leukemia","display_name":"Leukemia","score":0.4903552532196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.423970103263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3338490426540375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.19852584600448608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09768003225326538}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6928285360336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017910909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618363","display_name":"Peripheral blood","level":2,"score":0.5868329405784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5553921461105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778461978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29496","display_name":"Leukemia","level":2,"score":0.4903552532196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.423970103263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3338490426540375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19852584600448608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09768003225326538}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3565546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1cd0d8657f814894920753d9d58471c2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1cd0d8657f814894920753d9d58471c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 84217-84239 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3565546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3565546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898491665","https://openalex.org/W3017781815","https://openalex.org/W3111295039","https://openalex.org/W3160161314","https://openalex.org/W3166855920","https://openalex.org/W3168761105","https://openalex.org/W3172814589","https://openalex.org/W3173704035","https://openalex.org/W3173992087","https://openalex.org/W3206444622","https://openalex.org/W3213058004","https://openalex.org/W3215867059","https://openalex.org/W3217566380","https://openalex.org/W4210460174","https://openalex.org/W4213121506","https://openalex.org/W4282567934","https://openalex.org/W4296009403","https://openalex.org/W4296745041","https://openalex.org/W4352977351","https://openalex.org/W4380369697","https://openalex.org/W4385234734","https://openalex.org/W4390605005","https://openalex.org/W6908731571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W3086377361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,95],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,66,81,87,99,112,126,133,145],"integration":[4],"of":[5,68,101,115,128,135,147],"deep":[6],"learning":[7],"(DL)":[8],"architectures":[9],"with":[10,40,107],"Recurrent":[11,43],"Neural":[12,104],"Networks":[13,105],"(RNNs)":[14],"for":[15,155],"automated":[16,140],"leukemia":[17,64,116,148],"detection":[18,114],"in":[19,55,111],"Peripheral":[20],"Blood":[21],"Smear":[22],"(PBS)":[23],"images.":[24,119],"Models":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"DenseNet201,":[28],"EfficientNetB3,":[29],"Inception":[30],"v3,":[31],"InceptionResNetV2,":[32],"MobileNetV2,":[33],"ResNet50,":[34],"VGG16,":[35],"and":[36,52,76,159],"Xception,":[37],"each":[38,69],"enhanced":[39],"a":[41,62],"Gated":[42],"Unit":[44],"(GRU)":[45],"layer,":[46],"are":[47],"employed":[48],"to":[49,125,138],"capture":[50],"spatial":[51],"temporal":[53],"dependencies":[54],"image":[56,130],"data.":[57],"Through":[58],"extensive":[59],"experimentation":[60],"on":[61,74],"standard":[63],"dataset,":[65],"performance":[67],"model":[70,85],"is":[71],"evaluated":[72],"based":[73],"accuracy":[75],"computational":[77],"efficiency.":[78],"Among":[79],"these,":[80],"Xception":[82],"+":[83],"GRU":[84],"achieves":[86],"highest":[88],"classification":[89],"accuracy,":[90],"attaining":[91],"an":[92],"impressive":[93],"99.69%.":[94],"exceptional":[96],"result":[97],"underscores":[98],"efficacy":[100],"combining":[102],"Convolutional":[103],"(CNNs)":[106],"RNNs,":[108],"particularly":[109],"GRUs,":[110],"accurate":[113],"from":[117],"PBS":[118],"The":[120],"findings":[121],"offer":[122],"valuable":[123],"contributions":[124],"field":[127],"medical":[129],"analysis,":[131],"demonstrating":[132],"potential":[134],"DL":[136],"techniques":[137],"enhance":[139],"disease":[141],"diagnosis.":[142],"By":[143],"advancing":[144],"precision":[146],"detection,":[149],"this":[150],"study":[151],"provides":[152],"promising":[153],"implications":[154],"improving":[156],"patient":[157],"care":[158],"treatment":[160],"outcomes.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
