{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409882785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564955","title":"A Novel Spectrum Sensing Method for Multiple Unknown Signal Sources Using Frequency Domain Energy Detection and DBSCAN","display_name":"A Novel Spectrum Sensing Method for Multiple Unknown Signal Sources Using Frequency Domain Energy Detection and DBSCAN","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409882785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564955","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100626429","display_name":"Rui Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5654-9268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064238252","display_name":"Guanghui Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8932-7362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghui Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110296860","display_name":"Ruiting Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5074-9046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiting Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020086138","display_name":"Wenwen Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4984-2554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenwen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091903728","display_name":"Tianfeng Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianfeng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110347602","display_name":"C. M. Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4087-5386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22716506","display_name":"Lanzhou University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03panb555","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Silk Road Vantian (Gansu) Communication Technology Company Ltd., Lanzhou, China","Silk Road Vantian (Gansu) Communication Technology Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Silk Road Vantian (Gansu) Communication Technology Company Ltd., Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22716506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Silk Road Vantian (Gansu) Communication Technology Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100626429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.7137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9419722,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"76811","last_page":"76837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.6785277128219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6367998719215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5614569187164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5410813689231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbscan","display_name":"DBSCAN","score":0.5012187957763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","score":0.48704174160957336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.4211123585700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.41475462913513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25155848264694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20834437012672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19310873746871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.1869666576385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1451740264892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13693523406982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.1120080053806305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.08146026730537415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.6785277128219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6367998719215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5614569187164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5410813689231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46576248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114630","display_name":"DBSCAN","level":5,"score":0.5012187957763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.48704174160957336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.4211123585700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.41475462913513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25155848264694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20834437012672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19310873746871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.1869666576385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1451740264892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13693523406982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.1120080053806305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.08146026730537415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94641424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172845","display_name":"Correlation clustering","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104047586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033439","display_name":"Canopy clustering algorithm","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c83b7950c9549faa55b803f6ab84142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c83b7950c9549faa55b803f6ab84142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 76811-76837 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1087657873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-QN-130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2142934312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.62062049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5673728240","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62161017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G633648829","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62062049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G654928815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.62361034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7503569938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.62161017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7857424373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62466032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8673326354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62361034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W599939251","https://openalex.org/W1549227467","https://openalex.org/W1572245504","https://openalex.org/W1699887913","https://openalex.org/W1989642027","https://openalex.org/W1993506953","https://openalex.org/W2009906877","https://openalex.org/W2018240663","https://openalex.org/W2025319838","https://openalex.org/W2039035645","https://openalex.org/W2045321368","https://openalex.org/W2059537098","https://openalex.org/W2065715415","https://openalex.org/W2078223256","https://openalex.org/W2092431085","https://openalex.org/W2098432861","https://openalex.org/W2111479894","https://openalex.org/W2113985218","https://openalex.org/W2138144521","https://openalex.org/W2155999145","https://openalex.org/W2164701487","https://openalex.org/W2167897217","https://openalex.org/W2168078104","https://openalex.org/W2168480323","https://openalex.org/W2172139273","https://openalex.org/W2187139190","https://openalex.org/W2505834011","https://openalex.org/W2509970520","https://openalex.org/W2740924709","https://openalex.org/W2755445073","https://openalex.org/W2766000225","https://openalex.org/W2802984582","https://openalex.org/W2887315079","https://openalex.org/W2908433781","https://openalex.org/W2958540601","https://openalex.org/W2965093385","https://openalex.org/W2967679761","https://openalex.org/W2976721295","https://openalex.org/W3017369906","https://openalex.org/W3081266556","https://openalex.org/W3087996010","https://openalex.org/W3094839931","https://openalex.org/W3130789996","https://openalex.org/W3131255742","https://openalex.org/W3155899199","https://openalex.org/W3201780689","https://openalex.org/W3212529757","https://openalex.org/W4205789684","https://openalex.org/W4206781722","https://openalex.org/W4246909946","https://openalex.org/W4285814865","https://openalex.org/W4286255690","https://openalex.org/W4288096390","https://openalex.org/W4293685789","https://openalex.org/W4312921129","https://openalex.org/W4313334248","https://openalex.org/W4320031217","https://openalex.org/W4393062716","https://openalex.org/W4405601706","https://openalex.org/W6679611767","https://openalex.org/W6686060442","https://openalex.org/W6686066986","https://openalex.org/W6760767607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3163639875","https://openalex.org/W2364999035","https://openalex.org/W4226497289","https://openalex.org/W2387156362","https://openalex.org/W2074073404","https://openalex.org/W4285814784","https://openalex.org/W2072903707","https://openalex.org/W1965055812","https://openalex.org/W1966535600","https://openalex.org/W2372241672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spectrum":[0],"sensing":[1,59],"is":[2,32,164],"a":[3,56,158,189],"fundamental":[4],"aspect":[5],"of":[6,80,109,152,181,235],"cognitive":[7],"radio":[8,117,248],"technology,":[9],"tasked":[10],"with":[11,40,82,204],"detecting":[12],"spectrum":[13,21,36,58],"holes":[14],"and":[15,23,44,75,107,111,120,185,217],"unknown":[16,183,236],"signal":[17,135,160,173,213],"sources":[18],"to":[19,171],"improve":[20],"management":[22],"resource":[24],"utilization.":[25],"While":[26],"the":[27,76,100,168],"energy":[28,67],"detection":[29,68,154,161,180,214,234],"(ED)":[30],"method":[31,98,239],"widely":[33],"used":[34],"for":[35,104,129,243],"sensing,":[37],"it":[38],"struggles":[39],"noise":[41,72,83,147],"uncertainty":[42],"(NU)":[43],"low":[45,195],"signal-to-noise":[46],"ratio":[47],"(SNR)":[48],"environments.":[49,249],"To":[50],"address":[51],"these":[52],"challenges,":[53],"we":[54],"present":[55],"novel":[57],"approach":[60,177],"called":[61],"FDED-DBSCAN,":[62],"which":[63,86,163],"combines":[64],"frequency":[65,70,191],"domain":[66,71],"(FDED),":[69],"estimation":[73],"(FDNE),":[74],"density-based":[77],"spatial":[78],"clustering":[79],"applications":[81,245],"(DBSCAN)":[84],"algorithm,":[85],"clusters":[87],"signals":[88,184],"based":[89,145],"on":[90,146],"their":[91,186],"time-frequency":[92],"two-dimensional":[93,159],"feature":[94],"space.":[95],"The":[96,131],"proposed":[97],"utilizes":[99],"GNU":[101],"Radio":[102],"toolkit":[103],"efficient":[105],"acquisition":[106,220],"processing":[108],"in-phase":[110],"quadrature":[112],"(I/Q)":[113],"data":[114,123],"from":[115],"software-defined":[116],"(SDR)":[118],"hardware,":[119],"transforming":[121],"this":[122],"into":[124,157],"power":[125],"spectral":[126],"density":[127],"(PSD)":[128],"analysis.":[130],"FDED":[132,153],"algorithm":[133,170],"detects":[134],"occupancy":[136],"in":[137,232,246],"subchannels,":[138],"while":[139],"FDNE":[140],"calculates":[141],"an":[142],"adaptive":[143],"threshold":[144],"variance":[148],"estimates.":[149],"Multiple":[150],"rounds":[151],"are":[155],"compiled":[156],"matrix,":[162],"subsequently":[165],"analyzed":[166],"by":[167],"DBSCAN":[169],"identify":[172],"clusters.":[174],"This":[175,238],"integrated":[176],"facilitates":[178],"accurate":[179],"multiple":[182],"bandwidths":[187],"over":[188,228],"given":[190],"range,":[192],"even":[193],"under":[194],"SNR":[196],"conditions.":[197],"Experimental":[198],"validation":[199],"across":[200],"three":[201],"scenarios\u2014single-signal":[202],"comparison":[203],"ED":[205],"(Scenario":[206,215,224],"I),":[207],"Orthogonal":[208],"Frequency":[209],"Division":[210],"Multiplexing":[211],"(OFDM)/Narrowband":[212],"II),":[216],"real-world":[218],"multi-signal":[219],"including":[221],"FM":[222],"bands":[223],"III)\u2014confirms":[225],"FDED-DBSCAN\u2019s":[226],"superiority":[227],"conventional":[229],"ED,":[230],"particularly":[231],"blind":[233],"signals.":[237],"demonstrates":[240],"robust":[241],"potential":[242],"practical":[244],"complex":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}