{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409796029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564440","title":"STT-HDC: An Efficient Time-Domain In-Memory Hyper-Dimensional Computing Design Based on STT-MRAM","display_name":"STT-HDC: An Efficient Time-Domain In-Memory Hyper-Dimensional Computing Design Based on STT-MRAM","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409796029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564440","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000802914","display_name":"Thi-Nhan Pham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thi-Nhan Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006058636","display_name":"Quang\u2010Kien Trinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0499-2938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131359167","display_name":"Le Quy Don Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wgyjv21","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131359167"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quang-Kien Trinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Radio-Electronic Engineering, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam","Radio Electronics Faculty – Le Quy Don Technical University, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Radio-Electronic Engineering, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131359167"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Electronics Faculty – Le Quy Don Technical University, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131359167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103344347","display_name":"Thanh-Dat Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanh-Dat Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045028723","display_name":"Ik\u2010Joon Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8871-8695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ik-Joon Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000802914"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.067307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"74485","last_page":"74498"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.7198946475982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7032896280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.577947199344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.556852400302887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.4364892840385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.36945438385009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.3663032352924347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.3578171133995056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.22246068716049194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1071808934211731}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.7198946475982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7032896280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.577947199344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.556852400302887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.4364892840385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.36945438385009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.3663032352924347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3578171133995056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.22246068716049194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1071808934211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e2d6055f474440c8ac2f9979b4e362ff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e2d6055f474440c8ac2f9979b4e362ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 74485-74498 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1801605678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"102.01-2024.13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","funder_display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04rw64z44"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975904824","https://openalex.org/W2069510906","https://openalex.org/W2070862086","https://openalex.org/W2090032487","https://openalex.org/W2303314981","https://openalex.org/W2476008461","https://openalex.org/W2613567208","https://openalex.org/W2803368688","https://openalex.org/W3018945530","https://openalex.org/W3019791076","https://openalex.org/W3032819016","https://openalex.org/W3130639951","https://openalex.org/W3159557934","https://openalex.org/W3171487449","https://openalex.org/W3184049905","https://openalex.org/W4225755231","https://openalex.org/W4281767790","https://openalex.org/W4294811277","https://openalex.org/W4308273208","https://openalex.org/W4321608116","https://openalex.org/W4322487133","https://openalex.org/W4382999052","https://openalex.org/W4401568699","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6781414409","https://openalex.org/W6903771602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403122749","https://openalex.org/W2002108625","https://openalex.org/W2375427054","https://openalex.org/W4231914254","https://openalex.org/W2163958441","https://openalex.org/W2074510558","https://openalex.org/W2076707939","https://openalex.org/W1576547964","https://openalex.org/W1998340208","https://openalex.org/W4206753316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,81],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,64],"efficient":[4],"in-memory":[5],"hyperdimensional":[6],"computing":[7],"(HDC)":[8],"design":[9,42],"based":[10],"on":[11],"spin":[12],"transfer-torque":[13],"magnetoresistive":[14],"RAM":[15],"(STT-MRAM),":[16],"named":[17],"STT-HDC.":[18],"A":[19],"novel":[20],"time-domain":[21],"sense":[22],"amplifier":[23],"circuit":[24],"is":[25,43],"proposed":[26],"that":[27,60],"significantly":[28],"simplifies":[29],"Hamming":[30],"distance":[31],"computation":[32,91],"of":[33,67,108],"HDC":[34,101],"models":[35],"while":[36],"dramatically":[37],"improving":[38],"energy":[39,65,75,85],"efficiency.":[40],"Our":[41],"evaluated":[44],"using":[45],"HSPICE":[46],"simulation":[47],"under":[48],"the":[49,89,94,122],"28nm":[50],"FD-SOI":[51],"technology":[52],"PDK":[53],"(Process":[54],"Design":[55],"Kit).":[56],"Simulation":[57],"results":[58],"indicate":[59],"our":[61],"approach":[62],"delivers":[63],"efficiency":[66],"3.12(fJ)":[68],"per":[69],"bit,":[70],"achieving":[71],"highly":[72],"reduction":[73],"in":[74,84,103,110,121],"consumption":[76],"relative":[77],"to":[78],"previous":[79],"implementations.":[80],"substantial":[82],"enhancement":[83],"performance,":[86],"coupled":[87],"with":[88],"simplified":[90],"model,":[92],"paves":[93],"way":[95],"for":[96],"more":[97],"practical":[98],"and":[99,114],"scalable":[100],"systems":[102],"resource-constrained":[104],"environments.":[105],"The":[106],"influence":[107],"variations":[109],"different":[111],"process":[112],"corners,":[113],"temperature":[115],"impacts":[116],"are":[117],"also":[118],"thoroughly":[119],"covered":[120],"analysis.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}