{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409796073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564433","title":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Distributed Flexible Job Shop Scheduling With Random Job Arrival","display_name":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Distributed Flexible Job Shop Scheduling With Random Job Arrival","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409796073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564433","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051292924","display_name":"Yuhang Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052543973","display_name":"Wenchao Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-287X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081960668","display_name":"Zhi Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-1490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-1490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100454371","display_name":"Yong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7778-2731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7778-2731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.8719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95061455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"80941","last_page":"80957"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6771554946899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.590796709060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.5125665664672852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-scheduler","display_name":"Job scheduler","score":0.5015795230865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4739306569099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop","display_name":"Job shop","score":0.4682413637638092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41761311888694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Flow shop scheduling","score":0.3556042015552521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29274260997772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.2571960687637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.09648782014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.0919066071510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09124109148979187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6771554946899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.590796709060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.5125665664672852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111873713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641413","display_name":"Job scheduler","level":3,"score":0.5015795230865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4739306569099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777243215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493226","display_name":"Job shop","level":5,"score":0.4682413637638092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41761311888694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158336966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074426","display_name":"Flow shop scheduling","level":4,"score":0.3556042015552521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29274260997772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2571960687637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.09648782014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0919066071510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09124109148979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69771ec1128a4ae9a34eed76ba54e3ab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69771ec1128a4ae9a34eed76ba54e3ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 80941-80957 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3564433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3564433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4268768145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52005447","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4830942390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LQ21E050014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981064269","https://openalex.org/W1982657059","https://openalex.org/W2025763227","https://openalex.org/W2048490243","https://openalex.org/W2064109803","https://openalex.org/W2083852160","https://openalex.org/W2093358036","https://openalex.org/W2143768863","https://openalex.org/W2765715912","https://openalex.org/W2899640738","https://openalex.org/W2999007328","https://openalex.org/W3034141843","https://openalex.org/W3049468855","https://openalex.org/W3082377584","https://openalex.org/W3093943958","https://openalex.org/W3134664017","https://openalex.org/W3139219031","https://openalex.org/W3152570195","https://openalex.org/W4224044544","https://openalex.org/W4282946405","https://openalex.org/W4285024875","https://openalex.org/W4285263819","https://openalex.org/W4289262791","https://openalex.org/W4289515710","https://openalex.org/W4312804421","https://openalex.org/W4321179097","https://openalex.org/W4323928777","https://openalex.org/W4376481101","https://openalex.org/W4379805283","https://openalex.org/W4383213841","https://openalex.org/W4383752013","https://openalex.org/W4385455310","https://openalex.org/W4385919128","https://openalex.org/W4386472940","https://openalex.org/W4387335068","https://openalex.org/W4390600666","https://openalex.org/W4392858512","https://openalex.org/W4393356864","https://openalex.org/W4406025922","https://openalex.org/W4406160951","https://openalex.org/W4407202676","https://openalex.org/W4407265076","https://openalex.org/W4407867188"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967782293","https://openalex.org/W2185192838","https://openalex.org/W2069961172","https://openalex.org/W2955323683","https://openalex.org/W1564838499","https://openalex.org/W2559484340","https://openalex.org/W26892725","https://openalex.org/W2165758382","https://openalex.org/W2146297781","https://openalex.org/W2612484291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0,43],"flexible":[1],"job":[2,52,62],"shops":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"becoming":[6],"the":[7,38,42,71,106,109,124,168,179,182,192],"predominant":[8],"production":[9,19,25,128],"method":[10],"in":[11,17,189],"manufacturing":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,161],"their":[15],"advantages":[16],"low-cost":[18],"and":[20,64,81,100,119,141,165,188],"high":[21],"customization.":[22],"In":[23],"practical":[24],"environments,":[26],"jobs":[27],"arrive":[28],"randomly":[29,175],"but":[30],"follow":[31],"a":[32,76,82,96,101,120,154],"regular":[33],"pattern.":[34],"This":[35,93],"paper":[36],"addresses":[37],"scheduling":[39],"problem":[40],"of":[41,57,108,127,181],"Flexible":[44],"Job":[45],"shop":[46],"Scheduling":[47],"Problem":[48],"(DFJSP)":[49],"with":[50,134,191],"random":[51],"arrivals.":[53],"The":[54,130],"DFJSP":[55,72],"consists":[56],"three":[58],"sub-problems:":[59],"factory":[60],"selection,":[61],"assignment,":[63],"operation":[65],"sequencing.":[66],"To":[67],"tackle":[68],"this":[69],"issue,":[70],"is":[73,91,132],"modeled":[74],"as":[75],"Markov":[77],"Decision":[78],"Process":[79],"(MDP),":[80],"multi-agent":[83],"approach":[84,94],"based":[85,122],"on":[86,123,174],"deep":[87,148],"reinforcement":[88],"learning":[89],"(DRL)":[90],"proposed.":[92],"includes":[95],"Distribute":[97],"Agent":[98,103],"(DA)":[99],"Sequence":[102],"(SA).":[104],"For":[105],"MDP":[107],"DA,":[110],"we":[111],"designed":[112,160],"12":[113],"state":[114,126,136],"features,":[115,137],"5":[116],"candidate":[117,139],"actions,":[118,140],"reward":[121],"current":[125],"tardiness.":[129],"SA":[131],"configured":[133],"7":[135],"6":[138],"rewards":[142],"that":[143,152],"reflect":[144],"delay":[145],"conditions.":[146],"A":[147],"Q-network":[149],"(DQN)":[150],"framework":[151],"incorporates":[153],"linearly":[155],"decreasing":[156],"threshold":[157],"probability":[158],"was":[159],"effectively":[162],"balance":[163],"exploration":[164],"exploitation":[166],"during":[167],"training":[169],"phase.":[170],"Comparative":[171],"experiments":[172],"conducted":[173],"generated":[176],"instances":[177],"demonstrate":[178],"effectiveness":[180],"DA":[183],"when":[184],"used":[185],"both":[186],"independently":[187],"conjunction":[190],"SA.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}